Cambridge & Pearson Edexcel Past Paper Questions

Ethoxyethane, C₂H₅OC₂H₅, can dissolve both in water and in octan-1-ol. The expression and numerical value for the partition coefficient of ethoxyet...

Pure water is a very poor conductor of electricity. However, when hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in water, ions are formed and a current flows ...

Separate samples of 0.01 mol of magnesium nitrate and 0.01 mol of strontium nitrate are heated until completely decomposed to the metal oxide, nitr...

Transition elements form complexes. (a) Molybdenum, Mo, forms an octahedral complex consisting of one Mo atom surrounded by carbon monoxide, CO, mo...

An excess of aqueous ammonia is added to a solution containing the complex ion [Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺. [Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺ + 6NH₃ ⇌ [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺ + 6H₂O

The structure of benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid is shown. [Figure of benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid]

Alanine, H₂NCH(CH₃)CO₂H, and glutamic acid, H₂NCH(CH₂CH₂CO₂H)CO₂H, are two naturally occurring amino acids.

Butylamine, CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂, can be synthesised from different organic compounds by using suitable reagents. Each reaction involves one step.

Complete the table to show the structure of the organic product from each reaction of phenol, C₆H₅OH. [Figure not explicitly referenced, but implie...

(a) Define the term electron affinity.

(a) [MnCl4]2- is a complex ion.

The structure of phenylethanoic acid is shown. [Figure of phenylethanoic acid structure, C₆H₅CH₂COOH]

Compound T is made by a three-stage synthesis. [Figure showing a synthesis pathway: phenylethanoic acid -> (stage 1) Compound R (C₆H₅CH₂COCl) -> (s...

Potassium hydrogencarbonate, KHCO3, decomposes when strongly heated to form potassium carbonate, K2CO3. 2KHCO3(s) → K2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H₂O(I) A ...

The rate of reaction between calcium carbonate, CaCO3, and hydrochloric acid, HCl, can be followed by collecting and measuring the volume of carbon...

It is possible to measure the enthalpy change of combustion, ∆Hc, of ethanol, C2H5OH, using the following apparatus. [Figure 1.1] A student carries...

Halogenoalkanes undergo hydrolysis with aqueous sodium hydroxide to form alcohols. e.g. CH3CH2CH2CH2Br(l) + NaOH(aq) → CH3CH2CH2CH2OH(l) + NaBr(aq)...

Why is the first ionisation energy of phosphorus greater than the first ionisation energy of silicon?

Sodium peroxide, Na2O2, is used to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen in closed environments such as space capsules and s...

Calcium oxide and magnesium sulfide each react with acid. CaO(s) + 2H+(aq) → Ca²+(aq) + H2O(l) MgS(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2S(g) A mixture of ...

Two moles of VO2+ ions react with one mole of zinc atoms in the presence of dilute acid. The products include Zn2+ ions and an ion, Y. Ion Y contai...

The compound potassium bismuthate(V), KBiO3, is a powerful oxidising agent. What is the significance of the (V) in potassium bismuthate(V)?

Hydrogen peroxide decomposes slowly at 20 °C to form water and oxygen. 2H2O2 ⇌ 2H2O + O2 equilibrium constant = Kc The reaction is faster when a ...

A dimer, Q, is stable when solid but a dynamic equilibrium is set up in solution. Q(aq) ⇌ 2R(aq) A solution of Q has an initial concentration of ...

The reaction pathway for the forward reaction of a reversible reaction is shown. [Figure 9.1] Which statement is correct?

The enthalpy changes for the possible reactions W, X, Y and Z are given. W NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ∆H = −56 kJ mol⁻¹ X NaCl(aq) + H...

The Haber process is carried out with a nitrogen partial pressure of 50 kPa, a hydrogen partial pressure of 150 kPa, a temperature of 400 °C and an...

The compound (CH3)3NAlCl3 has a simple molecular structure. Which statement about (CH3)3NAlCl3 is correct?

VSEPR theory should be used in answering this question. The dot-and-cross diagram for an ozone, O3, molecule is shown. [Figure 13.1] What is the...

Each of the substances shown is gaseous. Which substance is most likely to show ideal behaviour in the conditions shown? [Table 14.1: substance, ...

Which graph represents the variation of pressure p and volume V of a sample of an ideal gas at constant temperature?

Use relevant enthalpy changes from the tables to answer this question. [Table 16.1: Reactions and ∆H/kJ mol⁻¹] [Table 16.2: Bond and bond enthalpy...

Element X requires strong heating to react with oxygen. Element X reacts with chlorine to give a covalently-bonded chloride. What could be the ide...

The melting points of the Period 3 elements sodium to aluminium are shown in the table. [Table 18.1: element, melting point/K] Which factor expla...

The nitrates of beryllium, calcium, magnesium and strontium all decompose in the same way when heated. When 2.00 g of one of these anhydrous nitrat...

In the diagram, each test-tube W, X, Y and Z contains 25 cm³ of a 0.1 mol dm⁻³ solution of a salt. [Figure 20.1] To test-tubes W and X, 25 cm³ of...

What is the oxidation state of the chlorine-containing species that kills bacteria in drinking water?

Compound Q is a white crystalline solid which dissolves easily in water. When concentrated sulfuric acid is added to a dry sample of Q, steamy whi...

R is a solid. R fizzes when hydrochloric acid is added. R reacts with hot aqueous sodium hydroxide, giving off a gas which turns red litmus blue. ...

Photochemical smog is a type of air pollution produced in urban areas by the effect of sunlight on substances released from vehicle exhausts. Whic...

T is an element in Period 3. The first ionisation energy of T is lower than that of the element with one less proton. The oxide of T does not rea...

The structure of tartaric acid is shown. [Figure 26.1] Which statements about tartaric acid are correct? 1 A molecule of tartaric acid has more ...

A carboxylic acid, P, has no chain isomers. It reacts with an alcohol, Q, that has only one positional isomer. What could be the ester formed from...

Which pair includes a hydrocarbon without a chiral centre?

What is the major product formed when compound R is warmed with an excess of HBr? [Figure 29.1] [Figure 29.2]

cis-but-2-ene reacts with cold dilute acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution to give product X. cis-but-2-ene reacts with hot concentrated ac...

For which reaction will the major organic product have the lowest relative molecular mass?

C4H9Cl reacts with warm dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Which isomer of C4H9Cl will form the most stable cation intermediate?

1.0 mol of an organic compound, J, requires 6.0 mol of oxygen for complete combustion. 1.0 mol of J reacts with sodium, producing 0.50 mol of a ga...

Structural isomerism and stereoisomerism should be considered when answering this question. 3-methylhexan-3-ol reacts with hot concentrated sulfur...