Cambridge Past Paper Questions
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An organometallic lithium compound, RLi, contains the nucleophile R⁻. CH3CH2Li reacts with pentan-2-one. The mechanism is nucleophilic addition. Th...
The structure of a naturally occurring compound, Q, is shown. [Figure 35: Compound Q structure] Compound Q is heated under reflux with an excess of...
Which organic starting material could be used in a single reaction to produce propanoic acid?
In four separate reactions, W, X, Y and Z, 1 mol of an organic compound reacts with an excess of a reagent. [Figure 37: Table of organic compounds ...
Butylamine can be produced by the reaction of butanenitrile with hydrogen in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Which volume of hydrogen, measure...
A section of an addition polymer is shown. [Figure 39: Polymer structure] Which monomer is used to make this polymer?
The purity of a compound can be determined using infrared spectroscopy. The table gives the characteristic infrared absorption frequencies for some...
Chromium, Cr, and its compounds are widely used in many chemical reactions.
The Period 3 elements show trends in physical and chemical properties across the period. Fig. 2.1 shows the variation in atomic and ionic radii of ...
Cycloalkanes show similar chemical properties to alkanes but have the same empirical formula as alkenes.
Fig. 4.1 shows a possible synthesis of propene, C₃H₆. [Figure 4.1]
Manganese, Mn, and its compounds are widely used in many chemical reactions.
The Period 3 elements show trends in physical and chemical properties across the period.
The alkanes are a homologous series of organic molecules. Alkanes are generally unreactive and are commonly used as fuels.
Fig. 4.1 shows how propane, C₃H₈, can be converted to propanoic acid, CH₃CH₂COOH. [Figure 4.1]
The Period 3 elements show trends in physical and chemical properties across the period. (a) Fig. 2.1 shows the variation in atomic and ionic radii...
[Figure 4.1] shows a possible synthesis of propene, C₃H₆.
Hydrated ethanedioic acid is a diprotic acid with the formula (COOH)2•xH2O where x is an integer. Ethanedioic acid reacts with manganate(VII) ions ...
Hydrated zinc sulfate has the formula ZnSO4•yH2O where y is an integer. Hydrated zinc sulfate decomposes when heated, losing only its water of crys...
When hydrated sodium thiosulfate is dissolved in water the temperature of the liquid changes. You will carry out an experiment to determine the ent...
Solutions of Group 2 hydrogencarbonates, M(HCO3)2, decompose on heating to give the corresponding metal carbonate, carbon dioxide and water.
Iron can form stable ions in the +2 and +3 oxidation states.
Solid manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2, catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. 2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
Copper shows typical properties of transition elements, including its behaviour as a catalyst.
Magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2, and strontium nitrate, Sr(NO3)2, both decompose when heated to form the metal oxide and a mixture of gases.
Ethanal, CH3CHO, reacts with nitrogen dioxide, NO2. The products of the first step of this reaction are a CH3C=O radical and a molecule of nitrous ...
Cobalt is a transition element which forms compounds containing Co2+ and Co3+ ions. Cobalt(II) sulfate dissolves in water to form a solution contai...
Nickel forms complexes.
P, Q, R, S, T, U, and V are the seven structural isomers with molecular formula C5H10O that have a carbonyl group. P CH3(CH2)3CHO S (CH3)3CCHO V (C...
Asparagine and aspartic acid are two naturally occurring amino acids. Their structures and isoelectric points are shown in Table 8.1. Table 8.1 ami...
Compound X is made from benzene by the route shown in Fig. 9.1. [Figure 9.1]
(a) Solutions of Group 2 hydrogencarbonates, M(HCO3)2, decompose on heating to give the corresponding metal carbonate, carbon dioxide and water. (i...
(a) Iron can form stable ions in the +2 and +3 oxidation states. Explain why transition elements have variable oxidation states. [1] (b) Aqueous s...
(a) Solid manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2, catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. 2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g) State the type of catalysis for ...
(a) Define standard cell potential, Ecell. Include a description of standard conditions. [2] (b) The Daniell cell is an electrochemical cell consi...
(a) Copper shows typical properties of transition elements, including its behaviour as a catalyst. Complete Table 5.1 to show the total number of u...
(a) Thin-layer and gas/liquid chromatography can be used to separate mixtures into their individual components. (i) Define the following terms used...
(a) State the relative acidities of bromoethanoic acid, BrCH2COOH, chloroethanoic acid, CICH2COOH, ethanoic acid, CH3COOH and ethanol, CH3CH2OH. Ex...
(a) In the electrophilic substitution of arenes, different substituents can direct to different ring positions. (i) Describe the directing effect o...
(a) Explain why amides are much weaker bases than amines. [2] (b) Fig. 9.1 shows the preparation of 2-phenylethylamine, C6H5CH2CH2NH2, by three di...
The concentration of aqueous chloride ions can be found by titration with aqueous silver nitrate, AgNO3(aq). Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s) The indica...
Effusion is the process in which a gas escapes through a small hole. A student investigates the relationship between rate of effusion and relative ...
Aqueous silver ions, Ag+(aq), react slowly with aqueous iron(II) ions, Fe2+(aq). An equilibrium is established. Ag+(aq) + Fe2+(aq) ⇋ Ag(s) + Fe3+(a...