Describe one similarity and one difference between an independent measures design and a repeated measures design, using any examples.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2019). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [6] 1 mark for a similarity that explicitly compares the two designs
2. 1 mark for a difference that explicitly compares the two designs
3. 1 mark for an example that is linked to one type design, up to a maximum of 2 per example
4. Max 4 if no examples
5. For example: Similarities: both are ways to allocate participants to the conditions/levels of the IV = 1
6. both designs are used in (lab/field/natural) experiments = 1
7. e.g. Piliavin et al. was a field experiment and Bandura et al. was a lab experiment but both used an independent measures design = 1 (example)
8. Differences: in independent measures different participants do each level of the IV = 1
9. in repeated measures the same participants do every level of the IV = 1
10. e.g. Schachter and Singer used independent measures as participants did anger or euphoria/MIS or IGN = 1 (example)
11. e.g. Andrade used independent measures as participants either doodled or didn't = 1 (example)
12. e.g. Yamamoto et al. = repeated measures design as chimpanzees did 'can see' and 'cannot see' = 1 (example)
13. repeated measures designs are more prone to order effects (than independent measures designs) = 1
14. e.g. if Bandura et al. had used repeated measures, the children could have already learned aggressive behaviour in the first condition = 1 (example)
15. demand characteristics are a bigger problem in independent measures (than repeated measures designs) = 1
16. e.g. if Schacter and Singer had used repeated measures, the participants would have spotted the difference between the instructions/stooges' behaviour = 1 (example)
17. individual differences are a bigger problem in repeated measures (than independent measures designs) = 1
18. e.g. if I did a study about memory and all the clever people were in one group they might remember more and make it look like there was a difference even if there was not = 1 (example)
19. it is possible to allocate participants to levels of the IV in an independent measures design in a lab experiment but this is unlikely to be possible in a natural experiment = 1
20. e.g. Bandura et al. could allocate children to conditions, but if a study was done on real-life exposure to aggressive models, participants would already be allocated to conditions on the basis of their experiences