There were many controlled variables in the study by Bandura et al. (aggression).

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] 1 mark for defining the term
2. a controlled variable is a factor that is kept constant across different levels of the IV
3. [1] 1 mark for example of a controlled variable from Bandura et al.
4. the duration of aggressive / non-aggressive behaviour of the adult model
5. the frustration episode
6. the toys available
7. Any other appropriate answer to be credited
8. Both marks are for one advantage.
9. At least one point must be linked to the study.
10. duration of aggressive / non-aggressive behaviour of the adult model
11. all participants had the same exposure to modelled behaviour so were equally likely to be influenced (= 1 mark)
12. frustration episode
13. all participants were likely to express aggression by the time they were observed (= 1 mark)
14. in case exposure to aggression reduced the likelihood of expression (so it would be hard to measure imitation) (= 2nd mark)
15. toys available
16. (aggressive and non-aggressive toys for all children) so that they had the same immediate exposure to cues; (= 1 mark)
17. so if the toys themselves rather than imitation were the cause they would be equally likely to aggress; (= 2nd mark)
18. [1] Mark is for procedural information affecting reliability.
19. simple 5-point scale for initial rating of children (= 1 mark)
20. interval sampling (5 seconds)
21. recording of behaviours in (clearly defined) response categories