Describe structured observations and unstructured observations, using any examples.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2021). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [6] Definitions/detail: up to a maximum of 4 marks for each observational technique.
2. Examples: maximum of 2 marks for each technique.
3. Examples can include examples from any studies (core studies, other studies, candidate's own studies).
4. Max 4 if no examples
5. A structured observation records a limited range of behaviours; which must be listed/defined; (definition)
6. Detail:
7. structured observations use behaviour checklists;
8. so it is more reliable than unstructured observation;
9. they collect quantitative data;
10. they can be used as a technique to measure the DV in experiments;
11. examples:
12. Piliavin et al. help/not help;
13. Bandura et al. specific aggressive/non-aggressive actions/verbal responses;
14. An unstructured observation records all behaviours; (definition)
15. Detail:
16. Unstructured observations are often pilot studies;
17. And may collect qualitative data (and quantitative data);
18. Used to refine the range of behaviours for further study;
19. to identify/define behavioural categories to record;
20. examples:
21. Milgram responses when giving shocks;
22. Pepperberg Alex's actions when 'bored';
23. Yamamoto et al. additional behaviour, e.g. peeping through hole;
24. Schachter and Singer responses to stooges;