Many of the core studies were laboratory experiments.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. 1 mark for identifying a similarity. 2nd mark for detail, including comparisons × 2
2. both have IVs; (1 for identification of similarity) e.g. Bandura et al. compared the effects of aggressive and non-aggressive models, which could be done in the field (with children from more and less aggressive homes); (1 for link)
3. both have DVs; (1 for identification of similarity) e.g. Dement recorded dreams, which could be done at home (with a phone by the bed); (1 for link)
4. both use controls; (1 for identification of similarity) e.g. Dement made sure all participants had no alcohol/Piliavin et al. kept the clothing the same for both victims; (1 for link)
5. 1 mark for identifying a difference. Plus 1 mark for linked detail e.g.: an e.g. of a specific DV from a core study is/is not normally performed in that environment an e.g. of control from a core study that it would be hard to implement in the field
6. (a field experiment is) conducted in the situation which is normal for the behaviour being measured; (1) e.g. Piliavin et al. field experiment measuring helping which people do go on subways; (+1)
7. e.g. Dement and Kleitman laboratory experiment measuring dreaming which people normally do at home (+1)
8. controlling variables is more difficult in the field; (1) e.g. hard to implement Dement and Kleitman's controls on waking in the field; (+1)