O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of PakistanMay/June 2018 · Q325 Marks

3 (a) (i) Define the term 'livestock farming'.

(a)(i)Define the term 'livestock farming'.[1]
(a)(ii)State two uses of livestock on farms. 1 2[2]
(b)(i)Study Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2 (Insert), photographs showing different types of livestock. Identify and name the type of livestock shown in each figure. Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2[2]
(b)(ii)Name two products from the livestock shown in Fig. 3.1. 1 2[2]
(b)(iii)Describe the benefits of rearing the livestock shown in Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2.[3]
(c)(i)Study Fig. 3.3, a map showing the main regions of Pakistan where buffalo are kept. Using Fig. 3.3 and your own knowledge, describe the distribution of buffalo in Pakistan.[3]
(c)(ii)Suggest two reasons why buffalo are kept in these regions.[2]
(c)(iii)Explain how natural factors can create problems for buffalo farmers. You should develop your answer.[4]
(d)The government has encouraged the growth of commercial poultry farming since 1964. There have been some challenges but different strategies have been introduced to further develop this type of farming in Pakistan. Evaluate the extent to which commercial poultry farming in Pakistan has overcome its challenges and developed further. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider the challenges and the strategies used in your answer.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] The rearing / taking care / feeding / keeping of animals
[1] Pulling a cart / draught power
[1] Ploughing / preparing field / threshing
[1] Irrigation / Persian Wheel
[1] Milking
[1] Herding
[1] Carrying loads / transporting goods / people
[1] Breeding
[1] Producing of manure / (natural) fertiliser
[1] Fig 3.1 - Cows / cattle
[1] Fig 3.2 - Sheep / lambs
[1] Milk / cream / cheese / yoghurt / ghee
[1] Meat / beef
[1] Skin / leather
[1] Cattle / cows seen as pride / prestige for farmers
[1] Can be reared in most areas / in arid areas / in marginal areas
[1] Food source / meat for families / subsistence
[1] Wool used to make clothes / rugs / leather to make belts / shoes
[1] Animal products sold for money / profit / contributes to GDP / export
[1] Waste / manure fertilises land / manure burnt as fuel
[1] Sheep are sure footed and can survive in mountainous areas
[1] Do not need large grazing fields
[1] Can eat thin grass
[1] Sheep preferred over goats / sheep less likely to overgraze
[1] Nomadic people can travel with their sheep / cattle / can use in transhumance / easy to move
[1] Can use products all year round
[1] Only in Sindh and Punjab
[1] Mostly in a line along the eastern border of Pakistan / mostly in Punjab / in eastern Punjab
[1] One region in south east / Central Sindh / around Hyderabad
[1] Upper Indus Plain
[1] Along rivers / canals / near named rivers
[1] On flatter land / where land not rugged
[1] Prefer to be in water most of the time / can cool down in water
[1] Canal irrigated areas / areas where water plentiful
[1] Lowland climate / mild temperature / where climate is not too extreme / cold / hot
[1] Where higher demand for buffalo products / examples of products
[1] Buffalo cannot climb hills / survive in mountainous / hilly areas / rugged landscape
[2] Weather / climate - cannot tolerate cold weather so buffaloes die
[2] Availability of water – like to spend most of their time in water, otherwise will dehydrate / give poor quality meat and milk
[2] Topography – limits where buffalo can be reared
[2] Poor soils - will produce poor quality grazing / buffalo become undernourished
[2] Disease - cost of vaccination / vet fees
[2] Flooding - results in drowning / loss of animals
[2] Lack of tree cover - no shade for animals and farmer has to build sheds / plant trees
[6] Content Guide: Challenges: Increased demand for poultry products – reasons for this, e.g. increased population / preference for white meat; Diseases; Air pollution / methane; High production costs / feed; High prices of meat / falling demand; Power shortages; Closure of farms; Ban on poultry export to Afghanistan. Strategies: Government help through; Improving power supply; Legislation / guidelines for rearing poultry; Securing international markets / free trade agreements; Vaccination programmes to prevent disease; Incentives for farmers; Lowering price of feed; Use of poultry manure for fertiliser / in fish farms. Etc.