Read the source below carefully to answer question (a). Benazir Bhutto's government had to deal with accusations of encouraging corruption when she was in office in the late 1980s. Faced with increasing opposition to her rule, she was dismissed from office in 1990 by the President Ghulam Ishaq Khan. Nawaz Sharif became Prime Minister. He believed he could solve Pakistan's problems and move away from the corruption accusations of the previous government. However, he did encounter a number of problems, one of which was regarding the Co-operative societies.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2014). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to:
2. Co-operative Societies accepted money from members and could make loans for purposes that were to the benefit of the society and its members.
3. Mismanagement of these led to a major collapse in which millions of Pakistanis lost money by 1992.
4. In Nawaz Sharif's state of Punjab, 700000 poor people lost all their savings when the societies went bankrupt.
5. The societies had loaned billions of rupees to Nawaz Sharif's family business.
6. He repaid the loans but his reputation was damaged and was one of the reasons why he lost office the following year 1993.
7. [1] LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer The United Nations was founded in 1945
8. [2-4] LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons Because of Kashmir
9. [5-7] LEVEL 3: Explains reasons Pakistan felt that membership of the United Nations would help their conflict with India over Kashmir by drawing the international community's attention to it. Also Pakistan took it upon itself to become a spokesman of many Asian States and movements especially Muslim countries. Other issues included the World Bank and the Canal Water Dispute.
10. [1-2] LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer Reforms that affected the people were very important
11. [3-6] LEVEL 2: Describes Ayub Khan's domestic policies He built houses for refugees and marriages had to be registered.
12. [7-10] LEVEL 3: Explains social reforms or other reasons
13. [9-13] LEVEL 4: Explains social reforms and other reasons Ayub Khan took action to prevent people from hoarding goods and selling them on the black market at inflated prices. Profiteers had their goods confiscated and many were arrested. As a result this action brought down the prices of many goods. He also fixed the price of milk and other goods to stop profiteering, which also helped families to manage their weekly budget better. The government set about improving housing for refugees. A massive new housing development provided new homes for refugees in Karachi, which clearly had a beneficial effect on the lives of these people. Women's rights benefited too from reforms affecting divorce and marriage. Marriages and divorces now had to be registered and further marriage approved by a court. The minimum age of marriage for females became 16. However there were other domestic policies that were important. In 1959 Basic Democracies were introduced which was a 4 tier structure of government, allowing elections at various levels. The success of these councils, which were set up, was such that martial law was lifted. However there were other factors, which were important aspects of his domestic policies. Land was redistributed to farmers with medium sized farms and agriculture was revitalised to such an extent that crop outputs were at record levels. In 1962 an oil refinery was established in Karachi and a Mineral Development Corporation was set up for the exploration of mineral deposits. An Export Bonus Scheme was set up offering incentives to industrialists who increased exports. As a result of these policies economic growth rose sharply. National growth rate rose more than 7% and the economy grew three times faster than any other South East Asian country. However the new wealth was concentrated in the hands of a few and the general population didn't benefit.
14. [14] LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation.