Read the source below carefully to answer question (a). During the 1980s, relations between India and Pakistan were fraught with difficulties. The situation in Kashmir was far from resolved and both sides were developing nuclear weapons. Neither side was willing to sign the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty. By the 1990s tension was increasing again regarding nuclear weapons and Kashmir. Eventually an attempt was made to reduce tensions between the two countries by ending nuclear testing, and then the Kargil Conflict happened.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2014). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to:
2. 1999, Muslim Kashmiri guerrillas crossed the Line of Control and captured the Indian occupied towns of Kargil and Drass.
3. Pakistan government denied any involvement (but later admitted).
4. India launched counter attack and 2 of its aircraft crossed into Pakistani airspace.
5. One was shot down.
6. Pakistani forces pushed back and was eventually persuaded by USA to withdraw behind Line of Control.
7. A major blow to Pakistan-India relations.
8. [1] LEVEL 1:Simplistic answer He was corrupt
9. [2-4] LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons Bhutto had too much political power and he was accused of murder.
10. [5-7] LEVEL 3: Explains reasons One of the main weaknesses of his government was that the focal point of political power lay with the party leadership and Bhutto in particular. When things went wrong the blame was clearly laid at his feet. Bhutto was accused of conspiracy to murder a political opponent by sending the FSF to kill him and was found guilty. He refused to plead for clemency to the President. Zia wanted to get rid of Bhutto to demonstrate his growing power and his lack of weakness to the army in particular.
11. [1-2] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement They wanted independence
12. [3-6] LEVEL 2: Description of/identification of concerns The Awami League wanted a federal government East Pakistan was a long way from West Pakistan and it was poorer and had many floods
13. [7-10] LEVEL 3: Explains political or economic concerns
14. [9-13] LEVEL 4: Explains both. Political: The general election of 1970 saw the Awami League win a majority in East Pakistan. The League wanted a federal form of government, which would leave East Pakistan to control everything except defence and foreign policy. It wanted a separate currency and fiscal policy with its own taxation. It wanted to negotiate its own trade agreements with other countries and have its own armed forces. In effect they wanted separation from Pakistan, which was becoming more evident due to the perceived differences between the two. Political parties who emerged in both parts believed in regionalism rather than national sovereignty. However Ayub Khan rejected the demands of the Six Points of the Awami League. Its leader Mujib-ur-Rehman was imprisoned. This caused further discontent and separation began to look inevitable. Economic: East Pakistan was a long way from the western half and most of the wealth of Pakistan was concentrated in the west not only of individuals but also in terms of government expenditure. This caused great resentment in East Pakistan. A weaker industrial base and a climate ravaged by regular floods led to even more depression in this area, which caused further discontent. Also the eastern province saw little return for the wealth created by the growing of jute in the area. Again all the benefits went to the west.
15. [14] LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation.