Study Fig. 3, which ranks Pakistan's main trading partners for imports and exports in 2013. [Figure 3]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2017). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] China / UAE
2. Imports: [1] China/India – regional superpower/strong economy/neighbouring country/has land links;
3. Imports: [1] China/India - source of capital/manufactured goods/ technological goods/import machinery;
4. Imports: [1] UAE/Kuwait/Saudi Arabia – source of oil;
5. Imports: [1] Malaysia - source of palm oil;
6. Imports: [1] India – source of primary commodities, e.g. fruit and vegetables.
7. Exports: [1] Any named country – increased sales/markets/market share/enlarge market share;
8. Exports: [1] China/Afghanistan – neighbouring countries with land links;
9. Exports: [1] Afghanistan - foodstuffs such as rice, sugar;
10. Exports: [1] China - to maintain relations/political ties with regional superpower;
11. Exports: [1] UAE - nearby country via sea/Arabian Sea/Makran Coast;
12. Exports: [1] USA/Germany/UK – developed economies raw materials, e.g. cotton yarn/woven cloth or manufactured goods, e.g. sports goods, linen, suits.
13. Note: Country must be named plus import or export.
14. Note: No additional products or countries allowed.
15. [1] Lower/S Sindh/Lakhra/Jhimpir/Sonda/Thar/Thar desert;
16. [1] N/NW Balochistan/Quetta/Sor/Mach/Degari/Khost/ Shahrig/Harnal/Duki/Chamalang;
17. [1] Salt Range/Dandot Pidh/Potwar plateau;
18. [1] Makerwal.
19. [1] Bar accurately drawn on Fig. 4
20. Note: Width within demarcations and height must touch the 3m line.
21. [1] 2005
22. [1] Decreased
23. [1] Existing coalfields becoming exhausted/existing coal measures becoming harder to access (therefore increasing cost of extraction);
24. [1] High cost of extraction/exploration/equipment/ technology (leads to indebtedness);
25. [1] Lack of government funding (which a developing country with high population growth cannot afford);
26. [1] Lack of/poor transport links to/from coal producing areas/potential coal producing areas (which discourages further investment);
27. [1] Lack of skilled/highly trained labour (therefore requiring expensive foreign expertise);
28. [1] Insurgency/lack of security (which discourages foreign mining companies from operating/investing);
29. [1] Decreased demand for fossil fuels/change to cleaner fuels/renewables (due to world agreements/targets);
30. [1] Coal from Pakistan is low grade (so has to be imported from other countries);
31. [1] Domestically replacing coal with gas (as Pakistan has many gas fields, e.g. at Sui/one of largest in world);
32. [1] Change from coal to oil/diesel for trains (due to partition).
33. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses).
34. Note: Max 2 marks if no development.
35. [1] The difference between the value of goods imported and exported by a country/the value of imports subtracted from exports/the value of exports minus imports.
36. [1] Value of goods imported is more than the value of goods exported;
37. [1] Uncompetitive quality/low quality of exports;
38. [1] Unable to fulfil domestic needs of population;
39. [1] Import tariffs/quotas in other countries;
40. [1] Dependency on import of capital goods/machinery/ oil/high value added goods;
41. [1] Dependency on importing/exporting agricultural products/food/named examples;
42. [1] Depreciating own currency/rupee against dollar;
43. [1] Trade embargoes imposed by other countries.
44. [1] Foreign debt;
45. [1] Dependence on foreign aid;
46. [1] Need to use country's cash reserves/assets/loss of foreign exchange;
47. [1] Development projects cancelled/delayed;
48. [1] Rise in taxation;
49. [1] Strategies to increase exports/high value exports/ Government encourages local industry to export;
50. [1] Country's currency depreciates, so imports become expensive.
51. Levels marking Level 1 (1-2 marks) Simple point addressing any view (1). Simple points addressing any views (2). Level 2 (3-4 marks) Developed point(s) explaining one view (3). Developed point(s) explaining different points of view (4). No evaluation. Level 3 (5-6 marks) Developed points explaining different points of view. Evaluation giving clear support to preferred view or a named example (5). Developed points explaining different points of view. Evaluation giving clear support to preferred view and a named example (6).
52. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: Great improvement ∞ Creates many employment opportunities ∞ Examples of employment opportunities ∞ Better paid jobs in tertiary sector ∞ Improved working conditions Small improvement/no improvement ∞ Creates relatively few employment opportunities ∞ Reasons why ∞ Lack of education/skills ∞ Cost of computers ∞ Less demand from developed countries ∞ Poor electricity infrastructure/load shedding ∞ Can be long working hours ETC.