Who was Tipu Sultan?

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2015). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Son of Haider Ali of Mysore, both of whom resisted British rule.
2. [1] Tipu received support from the French and the British were concerned about this.
3. [1] He was known as the Tiger of Mysore and ruled there from 1782 to 1799.
4. [1] He won important victories against the British in the Second Anglo-Mysore War, and negotiated the 1784 Treaty of Mangalore with them after his father died the previous year.
5. [1] His treatment of his conquered non-Muslim subjects and British prisoners of war is controversial.
6. [1] He remained an enemy of the British, bringing them into renewed conflict with an attack on Travancore in 1789.
7. [1] In the Third Anglo-Mysore War, Tipu was forced into a humiliating treaty, losing a number of previously conquered territories, including Malabar and Mangalore.
8. [1] In the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, the combined forces of the British and the Nizam of Hyderabad defeated Tipu and he was killed on 4 May 1799, while defending his fort of Srirangapatna.
9. [1] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement: It was the best language.
10. [2-4] LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons: It's understood by all Pakistanis.
11. [5-7] LEVEL 3: Explains reasons: It carries immense importance for all Pakistanis since it has been considered to be the language of all Muslims for 300 years. It was the language associated with the Pakistani Movement throughout its struggle with the British and the Hindus. After Independence, it was felt that the language was the uniting force behind the nation and the government is committed to using it at all levels in society.
12. [1-2] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement: Sir Syed helped the Muslims.
13. [3-6] LEVEL 2: Description/identification of reasons: He wrote a number of books and opened a school and university.
14. [7-10] LEVEL 3: Explains the attempt to achieve a better understanding OR other contributions
15. [9-13] LEVEL 4: Explains the attempt to achieve a better understanding AND other contributions: He suggested that the British should try to understand Muslims better. He gave an explanation of the word 'Nadarath' in an attempt to remove the misunderstanding of the British about the Muslims. He believed that relations with the British could be improved by improving the understanding of Christianity by Muslims. He tried to overcome this by writing Tabyin-ul-Kalam, in which he pointed out the similarities between Islam and Christianity. He wrote a number of books following the War of Independence in which he tried to show the British that the Muslims were only partly to blame and that there were many who were supporters of the British government. He was also aware that the British knew little about Islam and was offended by a book he read in Britain on the life of the Prophet and, as a result, he wrote his own work correcting the many errors he had read. However, he contributed many other things. Sir Syed wanted democratic rights in India but believed that this would only disadvantage Muslims since Hindus were in the majority and would win all the elections. He therefore felt that the British should treat the Muslims and Hindus differently since they lived separate and different lives from one another and so were really like separate nations. Sir Syed was the first person to express this point of view and it became known as the Two Nation Theory that gave hope to Muslims of a separate homeland. He attempted to improve the position of Muslims through education. In 1863 he founded the Scientific Society at Ghazipore. He wanted to make scientific writings available to Muslims by translating them from English into Urdu. He established a Muslim college which led to the Muslim-Anglo Oriental College in 1876. This became the University of Aligarh which became important in Pakistani history as providing an education for many of its future leaders.
16. [14] LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation