O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of PakistanMay/June 2017 · Q225 Marks

Study Fig. 2, which shows changes in road type in Pakistan over a 15-year period. [Figure 2]

(a)(i)Complete the pie chart for 2013–14 by using the following information and the key provided: Road type Percent Metalled 73 Unmetalled 27[2]
(a)(ii)State the increase in the percentage of metalled roads in Pakistan between 1998–99 and 2013-14.[1]
(a)(iii)Suggest two advantages of developing the motorway network in Pakistan. 1 2[2]
(a)(iv)Explain the difficulties of building roads in the desert areas of Pakistan. You should develop your answer.[4]
(b)Study Photographs B and C (Insert), which show typical working scenes in rural areas.
(b)(i)Using Photograph B and your own knowledge, describe how bricks are made in rural areas.[3]
(b)(ii)Describe the work being done in Photograph C.[2]
(c)(i)Why is employment in urban areas considered to be more attractive than employment in rural areas?[2]
(c)(ii)State three pull factors that attract migrants to urban areas other than for work. 1 2 3[3]
(d)It has been proposed that a large integrated iron and steel mill should be built on the outskirts of Rawalpindi, Punjab. 80 km² of land will be cleared for the mill and new infrastructure will be provided to the site by the local authorities. Large amounts of raw materials will be brought onto the site by road or rail and it is planned to produce up to 3 million tonnes of finished steel per year. Evaluate how the new integrated iron and steel mill will affect the local people of Rawalpindi. Give reasons to support your answer. You should consider both benefits and problems in your answer.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2017). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] First radial line at 0% and second at 73% (allow 72–74%)
[1] Correctly shaded using key
[1] 1998-99 = 56% 2013-14 = 73% 73 - 56 = 17 (% increase) (allow 14–20)
[1] Quicker/faster connection/more direct routes/saves time;
[1] Cities/towns/rural areas will be better connected/connect remote areas;
[1] Faster supply/delivery of raw materials/finished goods/ exports/imports/trade will be more efficient/quicker trade routes;
[1] Promote industrial growth/industrialisation/industries will develop/build industrial estates along route;
[1] To relieve pressure on existing roads;
[1] Create employment opportunities/attract foreign investment;
[1] To connect to Afghanistan and Central Asian Republic/or other named countries;
[1] Establish new settlements along the route;
[1] Increase development of tourism.
[1] Rugged/hilly/undulating/sandy terrain (increases construction cost)/(due to extra bridges/cuttings/ embankments/extra length to curve around features);
[1] Extreme aridity/heat/hot/high temperatures/sand/dust storms (making difficult working conditions for construction workers)/(causing dehydration/heat-related illnesses of workers/workers might find it exhausting/traffic can be hampered due to sand storms);
[1] Remote/uninhabited/low population density areas (increasing cost of transporting/housing workers/so not cost effective)/(meaning a shortage of local labour);
[1] Lack of government investment/government funding;
[1] Opposition from tribal areas;
[1] Lack of security/insurgency;
[1] Lack of water;
[1] High construction costs.
Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses).
Note: Max 2 marks if no development.
[1] Mixing clay with water;
[1] Placing mixture into rectangular moulds/mould the clay/moulded into brick shape/cuboid shape/put into stencils/blocks;
[1] Leaving to dry in sunlight;
[1] Firing/baking in kilns/furnace/heated in kilns to harden them/baked/heated in a furnace.
Note: Processes do not have to be in the correct order.
[1] Harvesting/cutting;
[1] Collecting in bales/bundling together/stacking/tying them;
[1] Laborious/carrying/lifting/picking up;
[1] Manual work/done by hand.
[1] High salary/salaries higher/more work-related benefits/promotion available/handsome salaries;
[1] Salaries more regular/stable/livelihood less at risk/fixed wages;
[1] Better working conditions/examples, e.g. AC/more likely to be indoors/offices/factories;
[1] Less likely to be manual/more likely to be higher skilled;
[1] Perceived abundance of work available/wider variety of jobs/more job opportunities;
[1] Fixed/regular hours/year round/contract.
[1] Higher/better education/better/more schools/universities/ colleges;
[1] More/better hospitals/greater access to healthcare;
[1] Better housing/or examples, e.g. brick built housing;
[1] Named better infrastructure transport/roads/railways;
[1] Better/more regular supply of electricity/gas;
[1] Improved/better sanitation/sewage systems;
[1] Piped/clean/drinking/regular supply/potable water;
[1] More entertainment/recreation/leisure facilities or named examples, e.g. cinema;
[1] Variety of shops/shopping malls;
[1] Reliable access to food/more food available/more regular food supply;
[1] Bright lights/glamorous lifestyle.
Levels marking Level 1 (1-2 marks) Simple point addressing either a problem or benefit (1). Simple points addressing either problems or benefits or both (2). Level 2 (3-4 marks) Developed point(s) explaining either problems or benefits (3). Developed point(s) explaining both problems and benefits (4). No evaluation. Level 3 (5-6 marks) Developed points explaining both problems and benefits. Evaluation giving clear support to problems or benefits or a named example (5). Developed points explaining both problems and benefits. Evaluation giving clear support to problems or benefits and a named example (6).
Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: Benefits ∞ Employment opportunities ∞ Improvements to roads/other infrastructure ∞ New settlements ∞ Educational/recreational facilities ∞ More trade for local shops ∞ More work for local ancillary/related industries Problems ∞ Farmland/grazing ∞ Air pollution/dust from chimneys, etc. ∞ Visual pollution/eyesore ∞ Roads/railways congested ∞ Attracts migrants ∞ Uses large amounts of water/power Note: Answers must relate to local people not the nation.