O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of PakistanMay/June 2016 · Q325 Marks

(a) Study [Figure 5.0] which gives information about employment in Pakistan by sector.

(a)(i)AState the proportion of primary sector employment in 1973.
(a)(i)BBy how much has secondary employment increased between 1973 and 2013?[2]
(a)(ii)Suggest reasons for the change in tertiary employment shown in Fig. 5.[3]
(b)(i)What are the causes of unemployment and underemployment in urban areas of Pakistan?[3]
(b)(ii)Suggest two reasons why unemployment is difficult to measure in countries such as Pakistan. 1 2[2]
(c)(i)Study [Figure 6.0] which shows the distribution in Pakistan of selected cottage industries and the engineering industry.
(c)(i)AGive an example of a cottage industry.[1]
(c)(i)BCompare the distribution of cottage industries and engineering industry as shown in Fig. 6.[3]
(c)(ii)For the products of either cottage industry or engineering industry, identify your chosen industry and circle a suitable method of transport. Chosen industry air road ship rail[1]
(c)(iii)Suggest one advantage of using this method of transport for your selected industry.[1]
(c)(iv)Explain what is meant by the term 'small-scale industry'.[3]
(d)Read the following two views about possibilities for industrial development in Pakistan. A It is better for Pakistan to promote large- scale industries which provide more goods for domestic use and for other industries. B It is better for Pakistan to promote small-scale and cottage industries in rural areas. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to places or examples you have studied.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2016). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[2] A: 58% Accept 57-59%
B: 6% Accept 5-7%
[3] Improved education/training leading to higher numbers entering e.g. trade/finance/insurance
Larger population requiring more health services/education services/government/administration
More informal sector services /named informal sector employment e.g. tailors/cobblers/maids/ drivers/guards
New named infrastructure e.g. hotels/airports resulting in more named tertiary jobs
Is higher paid/perceived to be higher paid
Better working conditions in offices/air conditioning
More foreign investment in banking/insurance
[3] Population increasing rapidly/overpopulation
Increasing numbers of rural to urban/internal migrants/refugees
Mechanisation replacing workers [in factories/IT/computer use]
Lack of education/skills
Discrimination/corruption
Loadshedding/temporary layoffs
Political instability
Slow economic growth/weak economy
Definition of underemployment: people work less than full time although would prefer to work longer hours/ people who accept jobs that do not utilise their skills.
[2] Disguised unemployment/more people employed than are needed
Large informal sector/workers not registered
Home workers/cottage industries
Self-employment
Unpaid e.g. domestic helps
Workers are mobile/high internal movement of labour/ fluid labour market/ seasonal labour/part-time labour
Inaccurate data collection/problems in collecting data e.g. in tribal areas
[1] One of: furniture/pottery/woodwork/metalwork/jewellery/hand woven rugs/carpets/shawls/handicrafts/embroidery/sewing/hand-made leather goods/shoes/candles
[3] Similar Both concentrated in Punjab
Both in all four provinces/spread throughout provinces
Both present in Karachi/Hyderabad/Lahore/Gujrat
Both have two locations in Sindh/one location in Balochistan/one in KPK/equal in number in S/B/KPK
Different Cottage has more locations in Punjab/use of stats to exemplify e.g. cottage 7 locations in Punjab whereas engineering 5 locations
Cottage present only in Quetta/Peshawar/Rawalpindi/Chiniot/Multan/DGK/Bahawalpur/S Punjab
Engineering present only in Hab/Faisalabad/Gujranwala/Taxila/Risalpur
Engineering more clustered/cottage more spread out
[1] Cottage industry: accept air/road
Engineering: accept ship/road/rail
[1] Air - for export/small/light/low volume/high value goods
Ship - for export/large/heavy/bulky goods/containers
Rail - for large/heavy/bulky goods/containers/long distances
Road - extensive/dense network/door-to-door/short distances
[3] Assets limited /capital limited/capital <Rs 10mn
Family workers/small number hired workers/workforce <10
Worked carried out outside the home/in factory/in workshop
Example: sports goods/surgical instruments/carpets/electric fans/cutlery/toys/agricultural implements
[6] L3 5-6 marks 6 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view. At least one reference to an appropriate place or example
5- Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view
L2 3-4 marks 4 Developed point(s) explaining or both views. No evaluation
3 Developed point(s) explaining one view
L1 1-2 marks 2 – Simple point(s) addressing both views
1 Simple point(s) addressing one view
0 No valid response