O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of Pakistan2059/20 · May/June 2015 · Q525 Marks

Study Fig. 12 which gives information on birth rates and death rates in Pakistan.

(a)(i)A.Add a suitable label for the y-axis (vertical axis).[1]
(a)(i)B.Circle one of the letters C, D, or E on the graph to show the point where natural increase is highest.[1]
(a)(ii)Give two reasons why Pakistan continues to have a high birth rate.[2]
(a)(iii)The death rate in Pakistan has been decreasing every year since 1960. Suggest reasons for this.[3]
(b)(i)Compare the main changes in the population growth rate of Pakistan with that of Sri Lanka between these two dates.[3]
(b)(ii)A.What is meant by the term 'immigration'?[1]
(b)(ii)B.Explain what has caused high levels of emigration and the effects of this on the economy of Pakistan.[5]
(c)(i)What is meant by the term ‘sustainable population growth'?[1]
(c)(ii)Suggest three problems that might be caused by unsustainable population growth.[3]
(d)Read the following two views about reducing the population growth rate in Pakistan. 1. The population growth rate is best reduced by family planning programmes. 2. The population growth rate is best reduced by increasing literacy for all, especially females. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons and refer to examples you have studied from Pakistan to support your answer.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2015). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] (a)(i)A. per 1000 population [per year]
[1] (a)(i)B. D
[2] (a)(ii) Large families for support in old age/desire for sons Large families for labour on farm/in cottage industries Opposition to family planning/women working/being educated/Rizq/religious beliefs Lack of use of/availability of/cost of contraception People unaware of population pressure/illiteracy Early marriages/women marry/bear children early
[3] (a)(iii) Improved medical facilities E.g. vaccinations/antibiotics/better hospitals/more highly trained doctors/free hospitals Reduction of diseases E.g. cholera, malaria, typhoid Improvement in food production/healthy food Improvement in sanitation and hygiene Clean supply of water People more affluent/have more money to afford medical treatment Reduced infant mortality rate
[3] (b)(i) Look for main changes or trends: Pakistan higher than Sri Lanka throughout Overall decrease but Sri Lanka stays same/slight increase Both fluctuate Pakistan fluctuates more/Sri Lanka fluctuates less One mark for start (2000) and finish (2012) statistics for both countries Pakistan: 2.2% to 1.6%; Sri Lanka: either 0.8% to 0.9% or 0.9% to 0.9% Alternatively candidate can give difference between start and finish figures – Pakistan 0.6%; Sri Lanka 0.1% or 0%
[1] (b)(ii)A. People entering/moving into a country/area
[5] (b)(ii)B. Causes Unemployment/underemployment especially amongst educated Job prospects abroad Perceived better lifestyle abroad Political instability/corruption/unrest/terrorism Immigration policies in some countries to attract migrants Effects on economy Remittances sent back can be a significant component in balance of payments Unemployment rate for those who remain decreases Loss of skilled/educated workforce/loss of doctors, engineers etc. Ideas and initiatives coming back with returning emigrants Less pressure on resources (Marks can be given for 1 cause + 3 effects or 3 causes + 1 effect or 2 causes + 2 effects)
[1] (c)(i) Population size that can be supported by available resources
[3] (c)(ii) Shortage of food/food insecurity Unemployment rises Pressure on health/diseases increase/education/illiteracy rate increases Pressure on utilities/water/electricity/sanitation Traffic congestion Shortage of housing/overcrowded housing/homelessness/squatter settlements Pressure on land/resources Standard of living falls/poverty/low standard of living Increase in crime Named type pollution, e.g. litter max one mark Lack of local/national government funds to provide for everyone
[6] (d) Indicative content (development of points or examples in parentheses) Family planning Policies to reduce family size effective in other countries (e.g. China's one-child policy) Family planning can be introduced through government and NGO programmes (e.g. women's and children's welfare associations, Behbud Association, Green Star clinics) Contraceptives could be provided cheaply Is a direct approach/can be enforced/monitored Developing education facilities especially in rural areas is very expensive (and can be opposed in tribal/traditional areas) Traditional/religious societies are opposed to materialism and careers for women Education is a less direct approach/has more effects than just on population growth rate Education Literate people would be more aware of the problems of population growth (and the need to reduce it) Literate people would have more knowledge of family planning More girls being educated (in secondary and higher education) would lead to later marriage/childbearing age (the time span for reproduction would decrease) More females being educated would mean more women taking on careers (and seeking to improve their standard of living rather than having more children and contribute to economic development, decreasing the burden of population growth) More people being skilled will generate income for country, decreasing the burden of/outweighing the effect of population growth (Anti-natalist) population policies can be considered too harsh (unethical/too intrusive/against human rights) Traditional/religious opposition to contraception