O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe history and culture of PakistanMay/June 2015 · Q425 Marks

(a) (i) Study Fig. 9 which shows formal and informal sector employment in Pakistan over three years. [Figure 9]

(a)(i)Which sector of employment makes up the largest share of the labour force in Pakistan over these years?[1]
(a)(ii)Tourism is a service industry. Name two other service industries.[2]
(a)(iii) A.What percentage of visitors into Pakistan was classed as tourists?[3]
(a)(iii) B.What was the total number of visitors into Pakistan?[3]
(a)(iii) C.Suggest one reason why more people visited relatives compared to visiting Pakistan as tourists.[3]
(b)(i)Study Photographs A and B (Insert) which show airports in Gilgit and Chitral. Using the photographs and your own knowledge describe the problems in providing air transport in the northern areas of Pakistan.[3]
(b)(ii)Explain the advantages to Pakistan as a developing country of providing more air transport routes.[4]
(c)(i)Name or describe a border crossing by road between Pakistan and a neighbouring country. Which country is linked to Pakistan by this road? Border crossing Country[2]
(c)(ii)How useful is the border crossing you have named or described in (i) for trade? Give reasons for your answer.[4]
(d)There are advantages and disadvantages to Pakistan of trading with different countries or groups of countries. Read the following two views: Pakistan would benefit from stronger trade links with China. There are more advantages to Pakistan in maintaining trade with EU (European Union) countries. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons and refer to places or examples you have studied to support your answer.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2015). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] (a) (i) Informal
[2] (a) (ii) Any two from: public administration/government; transport; retailing/shops; banking/banks/finance; doctors/healthcare/medical; teaching/education; legal/lawyers; entertainment/media; social care/home helps/family helpers/domestics, insurance; hospitality/hotels; telecommunications; etc.
[3] (a) (iii) A 13% (accept 12–14%)
[3] (a) (iii) B 655000 (accept 640000–670000)
[3] (a) (iii) C Lower cost; Large/extended families spread out in different countries; Work abroad; Few tourist attractions; Terrorism/lack of security/political instability; Poor transport infrastructure
[3] (b) (i) Mountainous area/rugged terrain; Little level ground for airports/runways; Difficult landings/take-offs for pilots/restricted to small aircraft; Frequent poor/bad weather for flying conditions; Snow/ice/fog/low cloud/flooding/windy; Poor road access to airports; Blocked telecommunications/radio; Service unreliable causing flight cancellation/people stranded; Lack of funds for specified air transport improvements/new technology
[4] (b) (ii) More visitors/tourists (e.g. adventure tourists to northern areas/mountains); More income/profit for tour operators/local economy; More business trips; More business deals/investment in Pakistan; Employment in airline industry; Increases trade/more opportunities to export/(source of) foreign exchange/tax; in low volume/lightweight/perishable/high value goods, e.g. fruits and vegetables; Assisting with natural disasters; Opening up inaccessible areas of Pakistan
[2] (c) (i) border crossing: Koh-i-Taftan/RCDHighway; Chaman/Quetta to Kandahar; Khyber pass/Grand Trunk Road; Khunjerab Pass/Karakoram Highway; Lahore to Amritsar/Grand Trunk Road. country: Iran; Afghanistan; Afghanistan; China; India
[4] (c) (ii) * Very useful/great importance: Encourages/improves/increases – trade/ import/export/foreign exchange; E.g. example named export/import; Cheaper transport/shorter distance to travel/saves time; Improved relations/better relations. *Of very little or limited use/little importance: Routes into Iran/Afghanistan are mountainous/deserts; Security issues/tensions in FATA areas; E.g. Khyber Pass closed; Karakoram Highway blocked/closed in winter; Due to snow/avalanches/landslides; Poor trading relations with India
[6] (d) Indicative content (development of points in parentheses). China: EU has trade barriers (custom duties and import quotas/tariffs/embargoes) with countries outside the EU; EU may restrict trade (due to poor law and order situation/terrorism/environmental issues/ child labour/political instability); Cottage and small scale industry products may lack international quality standard acceptable to EU; Can avoid reliance/dependence on Western powers; Chinese imports are low-priced (and meet local demand); China faster growing economy so Pakistan can earn more foreign exchange; Land link with China (Karakoram Highway/Khunjerab Pass). EU: EU countries politically/economically stable (so fewer changes in market trends); History of stable trade relations with European countries since independence; China likely to manufacture products that Pakistan exports (in greater quantities/at lower prices); Cheap Chinese imports may threaten domestic industries; Accept converse arguments