O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of Pakistan2059/20 · May/June 2014 · Q525 Marks

(a) Study Fig. 8 showing the United Nations figures for the different age groups in Pakistan. [Figure 8]

(a)(i)What was the percentage of the age group 0–14 years in 2010?[1]
(a)(ii)Which age group of the population decreased in percentage from 1990 to 2010?[1]
(a)(iii)How has the percentage of working population (aged 15 to 64) changed from 1980 to 2010?[1]
(b)(i)What is meant by 'seasonal migration'?[2]
(b)(ii)Name and describe an example of seasonal migration. Example Description[4]
(c)(i)Study Photographs A and B (Insert). Give four features of the housing shown in the photographs. 1 2 3 4[4]
(c)(ii)Explain why people live in areas such as those shown in Photographs A and B.[6]
(d)To what extent can living conditions in areas such as those in Photographs A and B be improved?[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2014). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] 35–37 (%)
[1] 0–14
[1] Increased / decreased to 1990 then increased
[2] Moving / migrating from one place to another according to the time of year / season
Do not accept use of 'migrate' and 'season' together in a response
Influenced by the weather / quality of pasture / suitable living conditions / rearing conditions for animals / availability of water / employment
[4] Transhumance – Res 1
Moving to higher land / mountains in the summer
Animals kept on high summer pastures
Returning to valleys in the winter
Animals brought down to lower pastures / to sheds in winter
e.g. goats / sheep / cattle / yaks / dzu
Northern and Western mountains
OR
Nomadic / nomadism – Res 1
Moving from place to place looking for water and pasture
Taking their animals
e.g. sheep / goats / camels
Taking their tents
Settle for a short period / several weeks
Balochistan and desert areas
Specific example – Res 1
Outward movement to which location + time of year / reason
Details
Return movement to which location + time of year / reason
Details
Time period
Area within Pakistan
Maximum 3 marks if no specific example
[4] Closely built / dense / congested
Low / one storey
Near water level / near dirty water
Some have power / telephone lines
Poor / scrap materials / makeshift
Named scrap building material e.g. corrugated metal / wood / cloth
No glass in windows
Rusty
Stones on roofs
[6] Rural-urban migrants
Refugees
Looking for work / safety
Close to work
Work for low pay / poor / work in informal sector / poverty
Cheap / cannot afford housing / housing too expensive
Unemployed
Authorities cannot provide enough housing / no investment in housing
Only space / land that is available
Access to water
Considered only to be temporary
Relatives already living there
[6] Possibilities – Res 2
Self-help schemes
Authorities provide building materials / blocks / bricks and people their own labour
International charities
Work with street children, etc.
(Local) Government schemes / projects
Building of low-cost / permanent housing / loans to build own housing
With minimum standards and basic facilities e.g. toilets
Infrastructural development e.g. roads, water supply, sanitation, rubbish collection, electricity
Provision of schools / (family planning) clinics
Problems - Res 2
Lack of government will / priorities / political instability
Lack of government funds / investment
Corruption
Dangerous for Western charities
High cost
Long term
Huge scale of the problem
May attract more migrants
Local resistance to improvement projects