Read the source below carefully to answer question (a). The Mughal Empire took 150 years from the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 to break up. His empire was facing difficulties at the time of his death and following this, the tensions and problems only became worse. The most serious challenge to Mughal authority came from the Marathas.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2013). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to: Lived in the Deccan, Aurangzeb had failed to crush them, known for skills as guerrilla fighters and devotion to Hinduism, 1737 defeated a Mughal army outside Delhi which they occupied in 1760, defeated by Afghans in 1761 at Panipat.
2. [1] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement They are spoken in Pakistan
3. [2-4] LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons To keep the languages alive
4. [5-7] LEVEL 3: Explains reasons It was felt that the literature and work undertaken by authors in such areas as Sindh should be kept alive and so the government set up bodies to promote it such as the Sindhi Literary Board in 1948. Many languages have played an important role in the history of the region, e.g. Pushto literature had an important role in creating opposition to British rule and the movement for independence. Balochi had little development before 1947 and its literature was in decline. However the government felt that it should be kept alive and not lost forever. Hence the language was promoted.
5. [1-2] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement. Shah Wali Ullah was a great scholar
6. [3-6] LEVEL 2: Description of Shah Wali Ullah and/or others Hajji Shariat Ullah established the Faraizi Movement. Shah Wali Ullah taught at the Madrassa in Delhi, spent some time in Medina and wrote a number of books. Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barailvi was a follower of Shah Abdul Aziz and founded the Jihad Movement.
7. [7-10] LEVEL 3: Explains the importance of the work of one person
8. [9-13] LEVEL 4: Explains the importance of the work of 2 or more people. All 3 for max marks Shah Wali Ullah felt that the Muslims faced many problems because of their ignorance about Islam and the Holy Quran. He encouraged them to concentrate on Quranic teachings and helped them by translating the Holy Quran into Persian which was the main language of the Muslims at that time. His books were designed to spread the principles of Islam amongst the Muslims. Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barailvi spread Islam through the Jihad Movement, which was to become an armed struggle to liberate the Punjab and the NWF from Sikh rule largely because Muslims were banned from prayer and had to undergo many humiliations, which made it difficult to practise their religion. Hajji Shariat Ullah spread Islam through the Faraizi Movement which insisted that Muslims should perform their faraiz (religious obligations). This alarmed the Hindu landlords who were unhappy with the Muslim practices. A huge group of followers grew which were called 'Faraizis'.
9. [14] LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation.