Read the source below carefully to answer question (a). By the mid 1950s, Pakistan still did not have a constitution. At the same time, the nation was facing severe economic problems and much hostility from India. In the absence of a new constitution, the power of the government was more centralised and the political parties failed to accept democratic principles. A constitutional crisis was inevitable and came about in 1954.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2012). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] (a) Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to:
2. Bogra the PM had little political experience, and GG Ghulam Mohammad expected him to support his authority – do as he was told. Bogra wanted to curb power of GG. GM out of country so Bogra introduced an amendment to 1935 Gol Act, trying to take away some power. Caused a political crisis, GM declared state of emergency and dissolved Assembly. Legal challenges were made against GG who eventually won through.
3. [1] (b) LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer They wanted to
4. [2-4] (b) LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons Britain offered jobs
5. [5-7] (b) LEVEL 3: Explains reasons Britain needed lots of workers after World War Two, especially unskilled workers and offered well paid jobs which Pakistanis wanted as they were reliable, hard working and ambitious to succeed. Many Pakistanis were displaced after partition in 1947 and as a result moved to Britain. Thousands of Pakistanis were displaced from the Mangla Dam area in the 1960s and some used compensation money to move to Britain to join relatives and seek work. The Commonwealth Immigration Act of 1962 introduced a voucher scheme which gave Pakistanis in Britain the opportunity to arrange jobs and vouchers for friends and family to move here. Many Pakistanis went to work in the Middle East where jobs were becoming freely available during times of economic growth especially in the construction and service industries.
6. [1-2] (c) LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer The Quaid-e-Azam became Governor General in 1947.
7. [3-6] (c) LEVEL 2: Identifies solutions or describes the problems Refugees were looked after.
8. [7-10] (c) LEVEL 3: Explains successes OR Explains failures in terms of solutions
9. [9-13] (c) LEVEL 4: Explains successes and failures in terms of solutions Successes: Quaid-e-Azam Relief Fund created to help refugees. He appealed to the people to help the refugees. He toured the provinces encouraging and motivating the people. Declared himself ‘Protector-General' of religious minorities. State Bank of Pakistan set up. Karachi made capital of Pakistan. Civil Services re-organised. Joined United Nations and attempted to draw their attention to Kashmir problem.
10. Failures: Kashmir and other Princely States issues not resolved. Canal Water Dispute not resolved until 1959. Millions made homeless or died as a result of partition.
11. [14] (c) LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation.