Read the source below carefully to answer question (a). Benazir Bhutto described her return from exile in her book published in 1988 as an emotional one. 'Hundreds of coloured balloons soared into the sky as the airport gates opened. Rose petals, not tear gas, filled the air. Garlands of flowers flew through the air. I saw a girl whose brother had been hanged and threw a garland to her ... Benazir will come, revolution will come.'

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2012). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] (a) Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to:
2. 1988-90, 1993-96. Faced opposition from politicians who wanted her to fail, Husband Zardari accused of corruption, divisions within her party (PPP), IJI criticised government of being close to USA. Confrontations with provincial govts, violent protests, Coalition party MQM joined with IJI, Pucca Qila massacre.
3. [1] (b) LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer Pakistan felt betrayed.
4. [2-4] (b) LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons The Indian army was bigger and Pakistan was unprepared.
5. [3-6] (b) LEVEL 3: Explains reasons In 1965 the Pakistan army had never expected a full scale war with India over Kashmir. Their plans to encourage an uprising in Indian occupied Kashmir did not work. Indian troops attacked and Lahore was caught unprepared. By 1971, the Indians had developed a much bigger army and used the civil war in East Pakistan to fight Pakistan. The speed and ease of the Indian victory confirmed the Indian army's superiority.
6. [1-2] (c) LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement Constitutional reforms were important to the government of Pakistan
7. [3-6] (c) LEVEL 2: Identifies/describes the policies He introduced Basic Democracies and redistributed land
8. [7-10] (c) LEVEL 3: Explains constitutional reforms OR other domestic policies
9. [9-13] (c) LEVEL 4: Explains constitutional reforms AND other domestic policies In 1959 Basic Democracies were introduced which was a 4 tier structure of government, allowing elections at various levels. The success of these councils which were set up was such that martial law was lifted. However there were other factors which were important aspects of his domestic policies. Land was redistributed to farmers with medium sized farms and agriculture was revitalised to such an extent that crop outputs were at record levels. In 1962 an oil refinery was established in Karachi and a Mineral Development Corporation was set up for the exploration of mineral deposits. An Export Bonus Scheme was set up offering incentives to industrialists who increased exports. As a result of these policies, economic growth rose sharply. National growth rate rose more than 7% and the economy grew three times faster than any other South East Asian country. However the new wealth was concentrated in the hands of a few and the general population didn't benefit.
10. [14] (c) LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation.