O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of PakistanOct/Nov 2025 · Q325 Marks

Study Fig. 3.1 (Insert), a map showing average January temperatures in southern and western Pakistan. [Figure 3.1]

(a)(i)Using Fig. 3.1 only, identify the temperature range in: Chagai _______________ °C Karachi _______________ °C[2]
(a)(ii)Using Fig. 3.1 only, identify the temperature range that covers the largest area. Circle the correct answer. 0–4 °C 5–9 °C 10–14 °C 15+ °C[1]
(a)(iii)Explain two factors that cause differences in temperature between lowland coastal areas and highland inland areas of Pakistan. You should develop your answer.[4]
(a)(iv)Suggest how rainfall can influence communications, industry and the lives of people in Pakistan. communications industry people[3]
(b)(i)Study Fig. 3.2, a pie chart showing the main sources of renewable energy used to generate electricity in Pakistan in 2020. [Figure 3.2] Complete Fig. 3.2 using the information in the table. renewable energy source | percentage (%) used to generate electricity ---|--- wind | 11 solar | 3[2]
(b)(ii)Give two reasons why Pakistan uses renewable energy sources to generate electricity.[2]
(b)(iii)Describe the process of generating electricity using tidal power.[3]
(c)Complete the statements about energy sources in Pakistan. Choose the correct words from the box and place them in the spaces provided. Pakistan's growing demand for energy is driven by .................... growth and increased industrial development. Electricity can be generated in .................... power stations by burning coal, oil, or .................... . It can also be generated using renewable sources such as solar, .................... and wind. electricity gas geothermal population sustainability thermal[2]
(d)'Electricity generated from renewable energy sources will be sufficient to support future sustainable development in Pakistan.' To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2025). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[2] Chagai: 5-9 (°C)
Karachi: 15+ (°C)
[1] 10-14 °C
[4] continental effect/maritime influence; where prevailing winds from the ocean have a moderating effect on temperatures/areas away from the coast do not experience moderating effect/movement of wind from areas of high pressure to low pressure
altitude/drop 6.5 °C every 1000 m; at higher altitudes air is less dense which leads to drop in temperature/air doesn't retain as much heat/air particles more spread out
cloud cover; increased cloud cover in highland regions/at the coast reduces incoming solar radiation/reflect solar rays thus reducing temperatures
latitude; coastal areas are closer to the equator and receive direct rays of the sun (which leads to higher temperatures)/highland areas are further from the equator and receive rays at a large angle/cover a larger surface area (leading to lower temperatures)
humidity; coastal areas are cooler because the sea moderates temperature/adds moisture/high altitude air holds less moisture
rainfall; higher rainfall (leads to more evaporation) has a cooling effect
[3] (floods) can damage road/rail networks/bridges
(heavy rainfall) can damage telephone cables/pylons
signals disrupted/signals drop/cut off/power outage
increase in network demand due to remote working/online education/checking weather reports
can provide water for industrial processes/named industry
can damage industries/machinery/floods delay projects
rainfall ensures rivers are full to allow rivers to be used for transport
goods/raw materials/named item cannot be transported
temporarily reduce air pollution
can provide water for crops/drinking/irrigation/domestic use/washing
lack of rainfall can cause drought which can lead to loss of income/poverty/crop failure
(heavy) rainfall can lead to flooding/damaged homes/loss of animals/loss of life/contaminated water/disease
people can't travel to work/school/appointments/can lead to flight cancellations
improve wellbeing through cooling effect/decrease wellbeing due to concerns over flooding
[2] Completed pie chart – angle for wind 36–40°
1 mark for accurate line
1 mark for accurate shading of both in key order
[2] to increase energy security/because they won't run out/infinite supply/due to fossil fuel depletion
to try and meet increased demand/demand due to population growth/industry growth
to reduce carbon emissions/cleaner for the environment/ecofriendly/doesn't cause named pollution
to reduce reliance on non-renewable resources/fossil fuels
only have set-up costs/maintenance costs are lower
removes the need to import raw materials
to reduce need for loadshedding/ to reduce energy shortages
large areas of land suitable for generating wind energy/large supply of rivers that can generate HEP/250–300 sunny days a year for solar power
trying to connect more remote areas to reliable energy supplies/to the grid
[3] identify suitable coastal area with strong tidal current
install tidal station/barrage/tidal lagoon/tidal stream generators/turbines
sea water/tides move in and out along coastlines/force of the tides/gravitational pull of the moon/tides retreat repeating the process generating more electricity
tide flows through sluices/barrage/gaps
waves cause changes in air pressure
water turns/spins/rotates/moves turbines/rotors
turbines connected to a generator
converts kinetic energy to electrical energy
generator produces electricity
[2] Pakistan's growing demand for energy is driven by population growth and increased industrial development. Electricity can be generated in thermal power stations by burning coal, oil, or gas. It can also be generated using renewable sources such as solar, geothermal and wind.
[6] Pakistan has been investing in many renewable energy sources aiming to be using 60% of energy from renewable sources by 2030
Pakistan has large areas of land that are suitable for solar panels, with high levels of sunshine across much of the year due to being close to the equator
Pakistan has a long coastline which has the potential to exploit tidal/wave sources
there is the potential for offshore coastal wind farms and onshore wind farms with many areas of the country suitable for wind power generation
Pakistan's electricity supply is currently around 65% reliant on fossil fuels
hydel produced around 25% of electricity, renewables (solar, wind, biomass, tidal etc) is only around 5%
renewables are likely to play a role in providing greater energy security and reducing energy deficits but not currently enough to meet current demand
shift to greater use of renewable energy requires high levels of investment
increasing population/industries is increasing demand for electricity