Read the source below carefully to answer question (a). On 14 August 1947, Quaid-e-Azam was sworn in as Governor-General of Pakistan. He declared that 'Pakistan has come to exist for ever', but the new nation faced many problems before it could feel secure. The leaders of India had accepted the partition of the sub-continent in the expectation that Pakistan would not be able to survive. This was a challenge for the Quaid. He had to establish the country and hold it together, despite the many problems it faced. One of these was the refugee problem.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2012). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to: Summer 1947 saw rioting and many deaths because of violence between Muslim and non-Muslim communities across India. After the Boundary Award, things got worse with millions of people in the 'wrong' country. The largest migration then took place with Muslims moving into Pakistan and non-Muslims moving into India. 10 m people were involved in this migration accompanied by violence and mass slaughter in some places. 1 m may have been killed and 20 m people made homeless. Karachi received 2 m refugees alone.
2. [1] LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer The government was corrupt.
3. [2-4] LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons There were too many Prime Ministers between 1956 and 1958. The army wanted to take control.
4. [5-7] LEVEL 3: Explains reasons There were a number of Prime Ministers between 1956 and 1958 and it reached a stage when Ayub Khan achieved that status that he felt the army should take control until stability had been restored and questions answered. East Pakistan's politicians wanted more say in the running of the central government which increased tension. Iskander Mirza had lost the support of many of the leading politicians and was alarmed at a plan by Suharwardy to unite the political leadership of Bengal and Punjab against him. Therefore he turned to AK and the military for help.
5. [1-2] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement Relations between the two nations have been very poor.
6. [3-6] LEVEL 2: Description of attempts Outlines the relationship – describing some of the points below with no explanation of either success or failure
7. [7-10] LEVEL 3: Explains successes OR explains failures
8. [9-13] LEVEL 4: Explains successes AND failures Successes: Soviet oil exploration in Pakistan in 1961 India accepted Western arms in Indo-Chinese War 1962 £11 million loan to Pakistan in 1963 Ayub Khan visits USSR in 1965 – improves understanding Soviets hold Peace Conference between Pakistan and India 1966 Soviet arms supplied to Pakistan from 1968 Bhutto visits USSR in 1972 USSR support for building a steel mill Failures: Liaquat Khan visits USA rather than USSR in 1949 Soviet pro-Indian stance on Kashmir Pakistan joins USA sponsored military pacts in 1954 and 1955 USSR gives economic and technical assistance to India Pakistan refuses USSR aid in 1956 USA spy plane scandal 1960 – plane took off from Pakistan Pakistan involvement in USA-Chinese diplomatic ties in 1971 leads to greater pro-Indian support by USSR Pakistan support for Afghanistan in war with USSR in 1979 Growth of economic and cultural ties slow due to Afghanistan effect USSR unhappy with Pakistan's nuclear programme
9. [14] LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation