Read the source below carefully to answer question (a). After Independence, Urdu became the national language as it was a unifying force in the new country. It was seen as the link language for all the provinces to provide for the cultural and educational needs of the people. However, it was also recognised that regional languages had an important role to play in the newly formed country. One of these was Sindhi.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2013). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to: Goes back to 12th Century, 1948 Sindhi Literary Board set up. Folk literature books written, 1954 Bazm-e-Talib-ul-Muala set up, Sarmast academy established in memory of Sachal Sarmast, Sindhiology department set up at Sindh University Jamshoro. After riots of 1972 government guaranteed special importance of the language.
2. [1] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement They were up to no good.
3. [2-4] LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons Aurangzeb's successors were weak. There was no law of succession.
4. [5-7] LEVEL 3: Explains reasons Aurangzeb's successors became lazy, weak and corrupt and left the administration to their ministers who often put their own interests first. As a result the Empire was badly ruled. There was no law of succession. Instead there was usually a struggle for succession which ended in war. Succession often depended upon the ability of the candidates and the support they could get. As a result the Empire suffered. Fighting wars became expensive and the military was stretched and suffered much inefficiency especially as the successors were very extravagant and so suffered from financial inefficiencies which affected their ability to defend the Empire.
5. [1-2] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement The British imposed their will on the sub-continent.
6. [3-6] LEVEL 2: Description of/identifies reasons The Industrial Revolution provided guns for the British army.
7. [7-10] LEVEL 3: Explains the Industrial Revolution or other reasons
8. [9-13] LEVEL 4: Explains the Industrial Revolution and other reasons The Industrial Revolution provided vast wealth ad profit but depended upon the import of raw materials. Raw cotton was imported from India and no imports of finished cotton goods were allowed. This had a terrible effect on the cotton industry in India and as a result it collapsed. Britain now controlled the cotton trade making vast profits but none was invested in India. A network of roads and later railways served to reinforce Britain's control of India which was essential to assist trade and control the land. In order to further reinforce its control, Britain established an administrative system that took over all duties and responsibilities of the East India Company and imposed government control through an efficient administrative system, that featured such personalities as Lord Wellesley, Robert Clive and Warren Hastings as Governors Generals, who through their administrative skills were further able to exert greater control of India. The conquest of large areas of India further strengthened British control of India. India was not a united nation and the British army did not meet much resistance. The manufacture of weapons in Britain aided this control. Candidates may also consider such factors as education, religious and social reforms during this time, the Doctrine of Lapse etc. However any of these factors must relate to the notion of control as in the question, in order to reach level 3 or 4.
9. [14] LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation