Read the source below carefully to answer question (a). The Khilafat Movement started because of the treatment of Turkey by the British after the First World War. Turkey was a Muslim country, and its ruler, the Sultan, was considered to be the Khalifa, the head of the worldwide Islamic community. When the British threatened to take territory away from the Khalifa, the Muslims of India were outraged and formed the Khilafat Movement to protect the Sultan and their religion. One of the events that took place during this Movement was the Chauri-Chaura incident.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2012). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to: Pitched battles between locals and British soldiers in Nilambur 1921, at Tirur police station set on fire which was a precursor to C-C in Feb 1922 – 21 policemen killed after they fired on a political procession. Gandhi concerned about increasing level of violence and called off his civil disobedience campaign, which upset many Congress leaders and Muslims especially. It weakened H-M unity and also weakened support for the KM.
2. [1] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement It governed India.
3. [2-4] LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons The British kept most of the power.
4. [5-7] LEVEL 3: Explains reasons Although it seemed that the Indians were given more control over their affairs, key decisions relating to external relations and defence were retained by the British which were drawbacks. The GG remained head of the Federation and had special powers in external relations and defence. Although it appeared to give Indians a say in running their country the property qualification for voting meant that only 25% of the population could vote. All sides in India opposed it, the princes resented the loss of power, the Hindus likened it to slavery with so many safeguards and the Muslims thought it was totally unacceptable especially due to the retention of special powers by the British.
5. [1-2] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement He was Pakistan's greatest leader.
6. [3-6] LEVEL 2: Description of his work He formulated the Pakistan Resolution and had talks with Gandhi in 1944. He also presented the 14 Points as a result of the Nehru Report.
7. [7-10] LEVEL 3: Explains the declaration of the Day of Deliverance OR other achievements
8. [9-13] LEVEL 4: Explains the declaration of the Day of Deliverance AND other achievements Jinnah called on all Muslims to celebrate the end of Congress Rule in December 1939. He used this declaration as a signal to all Muslims that changes were ahead and that partition was still possible. He gained great support and his own standing with Muslims, Hindus and the British was enhanced. However he had many other achievements. One of these was his 14 Points of 1929 which set out the demands of any future negotiations with either Congress or the British Government. The demands were also to form the basis of the Muslims' demands for a separate homeland. It also convinced them that the Hindus and Muslims were two separate nations. After the 1937 elections he set out to reform the ML at grass root level and as a result membership grew significantly by mid 1938. Without this growth the League would have struggled to be recognised and hence the fortunes of the Pakistan Movement would have possibly failed to bear fruit when it did. He also opposed the proposals of the Cripps Mission that saw Dominion status for the sub-continent. In doing so he ensured the British realised the need to protect minority interests. Although the Gandhi-Jinnah Talks of 1944 broke up without agreement, Gandhi was left in no doubt that the ML was an important organisation that spoke with authority on behalf of Muslims. Due to continued pressure from the ML and Jinnah the 3 June Plan of 1947 announced that 2 states would be set up – India and Pakistan. This wouldn't have come about without the hard work of Jinnah.
9. [14] LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation