Study Fig. 4.1, a line graph showing information about population change in Pakistan from 1950 to 2020.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2024). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] birth rate in 1950 = 41 per 1000 people
2. [1] death rate in 2010 = 7.5 per 1000 people
3. [1] year with the highest rate of natural increase = 1988
4. [1] The rate of natural increase is calculated as the birth rate minus the death rate (BR – DR).
5. [1] older/experienced people can guide younger populations and help care for children, enabling parents to work.
6. [1] increased pressure/burden on the working-age population and young people to support older dependents, leading to greater costs and time commitments for individuals and families.
7. [1] increased cost to the state for pensions, requiring higher taxes.
8. [1] increased pressure/burden on healthcare services, necessitating more hospitals, medical staff, and carers.
9. [1] increased pressure on housing and higher demand for care homes.
10. [1] increased pressure on food and water resources.
11. [1] a potential increase in the retirement age, with older people staying in work longer.
12. [1] A year where there were more immigrants than emigrants: 1981
13. [1] The net migration rate in 2011: -0.8 per 1000 people
14. [2] People emigrate for employment opportunities to find work, earn higher wages, and have the possibility of sending remittances back to their families.
15. [2] Emigration for study or education allows individuals to gain qualifications, improve job prospects, and attend specific schools or universities abroad.
16. [2] People may emigrate to join family or friends who have previously migrated, being attracted to areas with established Pakistani communities.
17. [2] Individuals seek different life opportunities, a higher standard of living, or better quality of life, including access to high-quality services like hospitals.
18. [2] Natural disasters such as flooding, drought, desertification, or land reform can force people to emigrate in search of safety, land to farm, or a reliable food/water supply.
19. [2] Forced migration, including the deportation of international migrants who overstay their visas, also contributes to emigration.
20. [1] Punjab
21. [1] Physical: topography/relief/slope OR climate/temperature/rainfall OR natural hazards (e.g., earthquakes, floods) OR mineral/forest resources (e.g., coal, timber) OR soil/land type OR rivers/coast/sea OR water supply.
22. [1] Economic: energy/power supply OR housing availability OR transport infrastructure (e.g., roads, railways) OR communications (e.g., internet, mobile networks) OR jobs/employment/wages/income/industries (e.g., manufacturing, services) OR education facilities OR healthcare facilities.
23. [2] Flat relief/lowland topography leads to high population density as the land is easier to build on for housing, infrastructure, and agriculture.
24. [2] Low temperature or extreme climate leads to low population density as people are restricted from working outdoors, and resources like drinking water might be sparse.
25. [2] Abundant mineral reserves lead to high population density as industries are established to extract them, creating job opportunities.
26. [2] Fertile soil/land for farming leads to high population density because it allows for food supply to be grown, supporting a larger population.
27. [2] Reliable water supply leads to high population density as water is essential for domestic use, agriculture, and industries often locate near water sources.
28. [L3] Migration of people within Pakistan has/does not have the most impact: rural-urban migration leads to shortages of labour in rural areas which can reduce agricultural output; rural-urban migration can lead to overcrowding in cities and can lead to competition for housing/jobs/services; rural-urban migration increases labour supply in cities which promotes the growth of industry; expansion of secondary sector industries manufacturing high value goods has been the main driver of economic growth; economic development is being supported through international trade links rather than internal movement of people; emigrants make a significant contribution to GDP through remittances.
29. [L3] International migration has/does not have the most impact: international migrants often send remittances which account for around 8.6% of Pakistan's GDP; international migrants often study abroad and then bring their skills back to Pakistan; international migration can lead to some educated people leaving Pakistan which may cause skill shortages; urban, industrial growth and manufacturing of high value goods is generating economic growth; Special Economic Zones can increase exports and employment which can generate economic growth; government policies to support education are important for developing a skilled workforce within Pakistan.