Draw a labelled diagram to show how natural gas is extracted.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Credit labels on a diagram: rock strata/layers/anticline
2. [1] Credit labels on a diagram: impermeable/porous rock
3. [1] Credit labels on a diagram: gas (layer or pocket) (above water/oil if labelled)
4. [1] Credit labels on a diagram: crown block
5. [1] Credit labels on a diagram: derrick/rig/frame
6. [1] Credit labels on a diagram: travelling block
7. [1] Credit labels on a diagram: swivel
8. [1] Credit labels on a diagram: standpipe
9. [1] Credit labels on a diagram: pipe(s)/kelly
10. [1] Credit labels on a diagram: engine/machinery/pump/rotary drive/draw works
11. [1] Credit labels on a diagram: blowout prevention equipment
12. [1] Credit labels on a diagram: shaft/casing/cement
13. [1] Credit labels on a diagram: drill/drilling
14. [1] Alternative (fracking): fracking/fractures/fissures
15. [1] Alternative (fracking): water/sand/chemicals
16. [1] Alternative (fracking): drill/drilling
17. [1] Alternative (fracking): pipe
18. [1] Pipelines/pipes
19. [1] Rail/road tankers/cylinders/canisters
20. [1] Working: 19 000 000 / 1 600 000 = 11.875
21. [1] Answer: 11.875 (Accept 11-12 years)
22. [1] geothermal
23. [1] wind
24. [1] tidal/wave
25. [1] flat/plain land
26. [1] open/vast/wide/huge area/goes on into the distance/as far as the eye can see/massive solar farm
27. [1] large number (thousands) of panels
28. [1] in rows/grid pattern/blocks
29. [1] facing same direction/tilted (toward sun/sky)
30. [1] roads/paths/spaces in between sections
31. [1] trucks/vehicles/forklifts
32. [1] black/blue/grey panels/silver/white borders
33. [1] rectangular panels/divided into sections
34. [1] (white) blocks/containers/buildings/office/control room/transformers/inverter/batteries/plant to connect solar cells to the grid
35. [2] Solar panels: sun shines onto the solar panel; energy from the sunlight is absorbed by the solar panel
36. [2] Solar panels: there are (photovoltaic/PV) cells in the solar panel; they convert the solar energy into electricity
37. [2] Solar panels: the electrical charges move in response to an internal electrical field in the cell; this causes the electricity to flow
38. [2] Solar panels: the electric current is converted from DC to AC; by an inverter
39. [2] Solar panels: the current is regulated by a transformer/electricity goes through a transformer; so electricity is at the required voltage
40. [2] Solar furnaces/thermal: sun shines onto the solar panel/onto giant mirrors; energy from the sunlight is absorbed by the solar panel
41. [2] Solar furnaces/thermal: panel collects heat from the sun and uses it to heat water; steam from water turns/spins/drives a turbine
42. [2] Solar furnaces/thermal: the steam spins/turns/drives the generator; the generator produces electricity
43. [2] Solar furnaces/thermal: the current is regulated by a transformer/electricity goes through a transformer; so electricity is at the required voltage
44. [1] does not produce power at night/when dark/only works in daylight/daytime
45. [1] cloud cover may affect it/inconsistent power supply/unreliable
46. [1] cannot produce enough electricity to meet demand/only produces small amount/need a lot of panels for high amount of power
47. [1] takes up a lot of space/needs large area
48. [1] expensive/high cost to buy/installation/manufacturing panels is costly
49. [1] less efficient when dirty/can get covered in sand/snow
50. [0] No valid response
51. [1-2] Level 1: Simple point referring to one view (1) / Simple points referring to any view (2)
52. [3-4] Level 2: Developed point referring to one view only (3) / Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)
53. [5-6] Level 3: Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) / Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)
54. [NOTE] Nuclear energy is not a fossil fuel
55. [DEV] Agree with A / disagree with B because: Pakistan's fossil fuel sources are running out and without them Pakistan will be energy insecure
56. [DEV] Agree with A / disagree with B because: fossil fuels are cheaper to import than to pay to produce more renewable energy sources (or named examples, e.g. hydel/HEP)
57. [DEV] Agree with A / disagree with B because: fossil fuels are more reliable than depending on renewable energy sources
58. [DEV] Agree with A / disagree with B because: it will help further Pakistan's relations with other countries if trade partnerships can be developed
59. [DEV] Agree with A / disagree with B because: equipment/technology for developing renewables has to be imported and incurs high costs
60. [DEV] Agree with B / disagree with A because: Pakistan will not be reliant on other countries for their source of fuel
61. [DEV] Agree with B / disagree with A because: renewable energy is sustainable it will provide a secure power supply for the future
62. [DEV] Agree with B / disagree with A because: renewable energy is cost efficient – once the outlay for developing it the energy produced is virtually free apart from maintenance costs
63. [DEV] Agree with B / disagree with A because: fossil fuels are running out globally so alternative sources of energy are needed
64. [DEV] Agree with B / disagree with A because: it is better to invest in renewables now rather than wait until fossil fuels run out
65. [DEV] Agree with B / disagree with A because: the cost of importing fossil fuels can fluctuate which could cause debt