O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of PakistanOct/Nov 2023 · Q325 Marks

Study Fig. 3.1 (Insert), a map showing natural vegetation types found in southern Pakistan. [Figure 3.1]

(a)(i)Using Fig. 3.1 only, describe the distribution of riverain forest / bela.[3]
(a)(ii)Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), a photograph showing a type of vegetation found in Pakistan. Identify the type of vegetation shown in the photograph. Circle the correct answer. evergreen forest mangrove tropical thorn / rakh[1]
(a)(iii)Using Fig. 3.2 (Insert) only, describe two characteristics of the type of vegetation shown. 1 2[2]
(b)(i)Barrages have been built on many rivers. Name two barrages in Pakistan. 1 2[2]
(b)(ii)Suggest how barrages can be useful to farmers.[3]
(c)(i)Name two types of fish caught in each of Pakistan's marine waters and inland waters. marine waters inland waters 1 1 2 2[2]
(c)(ii)Fish are used for food. State two other uses of fish. 1 2[2]
(c)(iii)Explain two improvements made in fish processing techniques in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. 1 2[4]
(d)Sustainable fishing means protecting habitats and species of fish, leaving enough for future generations. Evaluate the potential for the further sustainable development of the fishing industry in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] (only) along the River (Indus)/both sides of the river
[1] southern part of River (Indus)
[1] S/SE/E of Pakistan
[1] linear pattern/in a line/in separate blocks/not a continuous line
[1] there are 7 sections of forest
[1] N/NE of Arabian Sea/W of India/E/SE of Iran/SE of Afghanistan
[1] surrounded by tropical thorn/accurate direction from another named vegetation type
[1] runs between latitude 24 °N to 28 °N
[1] along longitude 68°E (accept 67 °E to 69 °E)
[1] begins (40-60km) inland/doesn't reach the coast
[1] 350-500km length (along the river)
[1] mangrove
[1] grow in water
[1] roots are long/woody/thick/tangled/gnarled/knobbly ‘knees’
[1] roots are above ground/above water surface/exposed
[1] roots spread over a wide area/widespread/spread out
[1] leaves are small/green/thick
[1] leaves are pointing upwards/at the top
[1] trunk(s)/branches are thin/multiple
[1] Balloki
[1] Chashma
[1] Ghazi Brotha
[1] Guddu
[1] Islam
[1] Jinnah
[1] Kotri
[1] Khanki
[1] Marala
[1] Mohammadwala
[1] Panjnad
[1] Qadirabad
[1] Rasul
[1] Sinhnai
[1] Sulemanki
[1] Sukkur
[1] Trimmu
[1] Taunsa
[1] can be built on low/flat land/plains/near to farming areas
[1] regulate/control the flow of water in a river/keep river levels stable
[1] provide a reliable/constant supply of water
[1] help to prevent/control flooding
[1] gates are opened to let water into the river
[1] gates are closed to hold water back
[1] help with irrigation/in watering crops/direct water for irrigation/water can be diverted to perennial canals/provide water for livestock
[2] marine fish: catfish / croaker / drum / herring / mackerel / pomfret / (sting)ray / sardine / shark / skate / tuna
[2] inland fish: carp / catfish / manaseer (mahseer) / palla/rahu (rohu) / trout / thalla (thela/catla) / tilapia
[1] to sell/for income/to make a profit/for export
[1] oil extraction/fish oil
[1] source of vitamin A and D
[1] to make medicines/cosmetics
[1] (uses of fish waste) e.g. to make fertiliser and poultry feed/livestock fodder/fish glue
[1] to keep as a pet/a hobby/for relaxation
[2] freezers and/or cold storage have been added to fishing boats; so the fish stays fresh if the boats stay longer at sea
[2] cleaning and packaging the fish; improves hygiene and makes it safe for transportation/adding to the value of the products
[2] processing fish into products such as fillets/fish fingers/fish meal for animal feed; is becoming more common and adds value
[2] manual labour is replaced by machines to speed up processing; and helps reach quality control/standardisation
[2] more processing plants have been built/more methods of preserving fish have been introduced; ice factories have been created to chill the fish / drying, curing, salting, canning, irradiating or freezing means fish can be transported to markets further away
[2] canning is used to preserve fish; increasing demand for fish locally and internationally; so they aren't spoiled and keep their flavour
[2] freezers/cold storage facilities have been developed; to ensure that fish is kept fresh before being transported to other parts of the country or exported
[2] improved hygiene standards/sanitation introduced; so that food handlers are working within regulations; workers should be wearing gloves/hair nets
[0] No valid response
[1-2] Level 1: Simple point referring to one view (1) / Simple points referring to any view (2)
[3-4] Level 2: Developed point referring to one view only (3) / Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)
[5-6] Level 3: Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) / Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)
[DEV] Potential for the further sustainable development of the fishing industry includes: fishing is passed down through generations, a sustainable skill
[DEV] Potential for the further sustainable development of the fishing industry includes: modern fishing techniques can be introduced to improve the fish catch without overfishing or harming the environment
[DEV] Potential for the further sustainable development of the fishing industry includes: protection/replanting of mangroves as they are breeding grounds for fish
[DEV] Potential for the further sustainable development of the fishing industry includes: reducing water pollution/regulations to control dumping of waste/cleaning up existing pollution/using newer boats which rarely leak oil, etc.
[DEV] Potential for the further sustainable development of the fishing industry includes: further improvements could be made to fish processing to ensure that canning factories meet international hygiene standards so that more fish can be exported
[DEV] Potential for the further sustainable development of the fishing industry includes: fish processing could provide employment opportunities
[DEV] Potential for the further sustainable development of the fishing industry includes: fisheries are the most important economic activity in Gwadar, more than half the workforce is involved
[DEV] Challenges for the further sustainable development of the fishing industry include: it is already a major industry in coastal areas, less potential to involve more of the population - inland fish farms tend to be small, are subsistence/do not produce much profit
[DEV] Challenges for the further sustainable development of the fishing industry include: it would be too expensive to implement regulations to ensure canning/processing meets international standards
[DEV] Challenges for the further sustainable development of the fishing industry include: many fishermen use traditional methods/cannot afford modern methods/machinery/may not be able to access finance e.g. loans
[DEV] Challenges for the further sustainable development of the fishing industry include: further training/education to adopt sustainable methods
[DEV] Challenges for the further sustainable development of the fishing industry include: cost of cleaning polluted water/enforcing pollution regulations/controlling damage to mangroves is prohibitively high for individuals/government