Read the source below carefully to answer question (a). Language is extremely important in the development of any nation. A common language helps to build a shared understanding of what a nation believes in. Urdu became the national language of Pakistan but, due to the diversity of languages and culture across the country, many regional languages have been promoted by the government. One of these is Punjabi.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2012). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to: Punjabi is the local language of the Punjab. It was a popular language amongst the Sufi poets who used it for their romantic folk poetry- contributed to the popularity of Punjabi. After Independence, steps were taken for the promotion and development of the language in other parts of the province. The Government have ensured its development by giving support to those institutions that are using it. Radio, TV and film promoting classical and folk literature as a result. Punjabi theatre popular.
2. [1] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement It wanted to be free.
3. [2-4] LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons It was too large and Hindus were in the majority.
4. [5-7] LEVEL 3: Explains reasons Of the 54 million people in Bengal 42 million were Hindus. It seemed sensible to divide up the province on religious grounds and also because it was becoming very large and producing significant administrative problems. By doing this it was felt that the province would be easier to administer especially at the time of a new British government in power. The Hindus saw it as a policy of ‘Divide and Rule', an attempt by the British to work against the Hindus. The Muslims felt that it was a British attempt to recognise the Muslims after years of mistrust and domination by the Hindus.
5. [1-2] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement. They were the most important
6. [3-6] LEVEL 2: Description of reforms The LP was an agreement between Muslims and Hindus
7. [7-10] LEVEL 3: Explains the Lucknow Pact OR other attempts
8. [9-13] LEVEL 4: Explains the Lucknow Pact AND other attempts The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was an agreement between the Muslims and Hindus which placed a number of political demands to the British government in an attempt to show a united front and produce common aims. For the first time Hindus acknowledged that Muslims had the right to a separate electorate and was therefore seen as a beacon of hope for the future. However there were other attempts to solve the problems in the sub-continent during these years. The Morley-Minto Reforms became law in 1909 as the Indian Councils Act. The importance of the Councils which were enlarged was to ensure that Indian legislators were given a chance to express their opinions. The British also accepted the right of Muslims to have a separate electorate. Little was done by the British government about the sub-continent during the First World War. The MC Reforms disappointed the Muslims and Hindus as they had hoped for greater concessions. Central government reserved sweeping powers for itself with only minor concessions for the locals. The Reforms did hold out concessions to political parties provided that they accepted the right of the British to remain in control. Following the MC reforms the Rowlatt Act of 1919 increased the resentment of the political parties by including the right of arrest without a warrant and detention without bail.
9. [14] LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation