Study Fig. 5.1 which shows the annual population growth rate in Pakistan between 1976 and 2016. Complete the line graph for the annual population growth rate on Fig. 5.1 using the information below: year annual population growth rate (%) 2016 2.0 [Figure 5.1]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2019). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [2] 2.0 for 2016; joining up of the line.
2. [3] A= 2008; B= 1980; C= decreased.
3. [2] Better (access to) medical facilities / Improved transport to doctors / more clinics / more hospitals; Improvements in medical care / more doctors / more nurses; Leading a healthy lifestyle; Control of diseases or examples: cholera / malaria / typhoid / cures for diseases / medication; Immunisations; Improved diets / food production; Improved sanitation / hygiene; Clean / safe water supplies; Fall in infant mortality.
4. [1] Overpopulation is when the number of people is too many / large for the available resources.
5. [4] Introduction of population welfare programmes; e.g. women's association / Behbud association / green star clinics and child welfare association (dev); Non-governmental agencies working with the government; for population welfare (dev); Improving literacy rate / education; so that people know about family planning / understand the benefits of smaller families (dev); Support of Ulemas; to distribute knowledge that family planning benefitting maternal and infant health is within Islamic principles (dev); More schools for females; so as to increase the age of marriage which will reduce the birth rate (dev); Access to / use of contraception / free contraception; decreases birth rate (dev); Increased education on family planning; prefer careers to having a family (dev); Improvements in healthcare; Reduced infant mortality rate; Population policies to reduce number of people / anti-natalist policy; no more than two children allowed / fined if failed to follow policies (dev); Provide pensions; so that children do not have to look after them when they get old (dev); Prohibit child labour; so, no need for more children to earn for family (dev); Fewer early marriages; as women focus on careers / reduce span of reproductivity (dev); Etc.
6. [4] Generation of enough economic opportunities for skilled and unskilled workforce / not enough jobs for everyone; Competition from people from other countries; Migrants / refugees moving into the country; Rate of population growth; Mechanisation in agriculture or industry / less manual labour; Increased use of ICT; Cultural traditions / restraints; Mismatch in supply and demand of labour force / rural-urban migration adds to numbers of unemployed; Security issues discourage investment; Underemployment / many part time jobs; Literacy rates / availability of education / skill levels.
7. [3] Government investment for small businesses / open more businesses or factories or industries; Support for new businesses; Inward foreign investment or named examples; Incentives to encourage foreign companies; Expansion of industry; Development of service industry/tourism; Non-governmental agencies or named examples; Bank loans; Community projects / self-help schemes or named examples; Invest in public sector.
8. [6] Content Guide: Encourage economy and development: A lower birth rate puts less pressure on the economic resources. e.g. education, healthcare, food and housing; A low birth rate means a lower dependency ratio; Lower birth rate allows greater investment in in areas such as agriculture, industry, transport, trade etc., which eventually leads to economic growth (fewer resources spent supporting younger people, e.g. education / child healthcare etc.); A decreasing death rate means a larger active population (15–60) available for work and can contribute to increasing the revenue of the country / pay taxes. This will lead to more expenditure increasing development; A lower death rate means that the increasing number of elderly people can help with child care / pass on wisdom, knowledge and expertise to younger generations; Etc. Limit economy and development: Lower death rates will mean there are more people living longer, which leads to an ageing dependent population / may offset possible development benefits of a lower birth rate; A higher proportion of elderly people will increase the need for investment in healthcare, care homes, pensions etc.; There will be an increased dependency ratio of older people to younger people and who contribute less to economic growth; A lower death rate will mean there is a larger proportion of economically active people available to work (15–60) but this may create an economic burden if there are not sufficient economic opportunities available for the increased workforce; Etc.