O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of Pakistan2059/20 · Oct/Nov 2019 · Q425 Marks

Study Fig. 4.1, which is a map of Pakistan's road network. Name the two cities labelled A and B on Fig. 4.1. A B [Figure 4.1]

(a)(i)Study Fig. 4.1, which is a map of Pakistan's road network. Name the two cities labelled A and B on Fig. 4.1. A B [Figure 4.1][2]
(a)(ii)Name the road on Fig. 4.1 that crosses an international boundary. [Figure 4.1][1]
(a)(iii)Using Fig. 4.1 only, describe the regional variations of the road network in Pakistan. [Figure 4.1][2]
(b)(i)State three reasons why motorways are needed. 1 2 3[3]
(b)(ii)Describe the benefits of rail transport for people and goods.[4]
(c)(i)Define the term 'dry port'.[1]
(c)(ii)Name two examples of dry ports that are currently in use. 1 2[2]
(c)(iii)Explain two advantages of using a dry port. You should develop your answer.[4]
(d)Read the following two views about extending and developing the rail network in Pakistan: A The existing rail network could be extended in Balochistan to encourage further industrial development and settlement growth in this province. B The rail network could be developed in the northern regions with a link to China to encourage further economic development in this area. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2019). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[2] A= Lahore; B= Rawalpindi / Islamabad.
[1] Karakoram Highway / KKH.
[2] More roads in / most dense in east / north-east / south-east; Fewer roads in / least dense in south-west / north; One region the north / north-east has a motorway; Motorway connects cities (A and B) in the north / north-east; Many minor roads compared to major highways in all regions.
[3] Faster / more efficient form of transport / to reduce time of journey; Industrial estates are built along the route / promotes industrial growth; Trading / raw materials can be delivered to industries / finished products can be delivered to markets / dry ports; More employment opportunities can be provided (due to industrial expansion); Motorway can be further expanded to connect Afghanistan and the Central Asian Republic / increase foreign trade / increase in imports and exports; New settlements can be established along the route; Connects cities / to outlying rural areas; Promote tourism; Relieve traffic on other roads, e.g. N5; Reduce accidents / safer.
[4] Fast / efficient; Can move bulky goods / a lot of people; Cheaper; More suitable for long distances; More comfortable / sleepers; Less stressful / pay in advance; Cost effective / economical; Safe / fewer accidents; No traffic jams; More sustainable / less air pollution.
[1] It is an inland terminal connected to a seaport by road or rail; Operates as a centre for the transhipment of sea cargo to inland destinations; An inland area or multimodal logistics centre connected to the sea.
[2] Faisalabad; Gilgit; Hyderabad; Islamabad; Karachi / Kemari; Lahore; Larkana; Multan; Murgha Pura; Peshawar; Quetta; Rawalpindi; Sambrial / Sialkot.
[4] Can be used to relieve a major seaport of workload and congestion; named examples / Karachi / Port Qasim (dev); Provides facilities; like container yards/warehouses/railway sidings / cargo-handling equipment / administrative services / for export or import purposes / everything is in one place (dev); Speeds up / saves time / more convenient for businesses; as they do not have to transport their goods all the way to the sea port (dev); Efficient managerial staff; saves time and money/paperwork completed quickly / smooth collection of revenue for government (dev); Refrigeration facilities provided; for perishable items, e.g. fruit and vegetables (dev); Employment opportunities provided / warehousing / customs (dev); Allows trade away from sea port / allows all regions to be productive / encourages foreign trade in each region (dev); Saves money for exporters; makes more profit (dev); Etc.
[6] Content Guide: Develop rail network in Balochistan: Balochistan is one of the least developed areas with low population density / few opportunities for trade; Direct links to Gwadar or Pasni ports would help develop trade and industry; The rail network in the central area of Balochistan is virtually undeveloped / currently runs around the outskirts of the province; Towns and cities would be more accessible and less isolated; It would reduce the amount of migration from the area; Further links into Iran and / or Afghanistan could be developed; Etc. Develop rail network through the Northern Regions: The Northern Regions are one of the least developed areas with low population density / few opportunities for trade; A rail route through to China would provide increased revenue for the country, and save journey time; Raw materials from the Northern areas could be transported to other parts of Pakistan more efficiently; Tunnels through the Himalayas would reduce the environmental impact and will reduce the risk to the railway from landslides and avalanches; Tourism can be developed more in this area; People can commute; May reduce rural to urban migration; Attract businesses and industries to the region / improve cottage industries; Etc. Ideas against further development (for either view): High cost of developing infrastructure; Availability of funding / increase debt; Availability of technical knowledge and / or equipment; Difficulty of building railways due to topography and difficult landscape; People might not want to live or work there and would still migrate; Businesses and industries would need to attract them to these areas, e.g. incentives; Other countries may benefit more than Pakistan; Climate challenges; Local people in northern regions might not benefit; Etc.