Study Fig. 5.1, a population pyramid for Pakistan in 2014. [Figure 5.1] Complete the graph using the information below: Females Age 20-24 10 million

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Accurate completion of population pyramid graph.
2. [1] Large number of young dependents 0–19;
3. [1] Small proportion of elderly dependents 60+;
4. [1] Gradual decline through the older age groups / economically active decline 20+;
5. [1] Economically active are the biggest sector;
6. [1] More females in older age groups / less males in older age groups;
7. [1] More males in young dependents.
8. [1] Birth rate - the number of babies' births / born per 000 of the population per year.
9. [1] Natural Increase = birth rate - death rate
10. [1] 26.80 -7.00 = 19.8 (per thousand)
11. [1] Too many people;
12. [1] Not enough resources, e.g. food / shelter / water;
13. [1] Rapid population growth.
14. [1] Benefits of having a small number of children: Have more food to go around;
15. [1] Benefits of having a small number of children: More disposable income / less outgoings;
16. [1] Benefits of having a small number of children: Can afford education;
17. [1] Benefits of having a small number of children: Will be healthier;
18. [1] Benefits of having a small number of children: More opportunities for employment;
19. [1] Benefits of having a small number of children: Better standard of living / quality of life;
20. [1] Benefits of having a small number of children: Less overcrowding;
21. [1] Benefits of having a small number of children: Less burden on services e.g. housing;
22. [1] Benefits of having a small number of children: More quality time for family;
23. [1] Problems of having a small number of children: Children needed to work (on the farms or other examples) / sent away to work so less money coming in / more work to be done by fewer people;
24. [1] Problems of having a small number of children: High infant mortality rate so children may not survive to adulthood;
25. [1] Problems of having a small number of children: May not have a son to carry on the family name;
26. [1] Problems of having a small number of children: May not have a child to take care of parents in old age;
27. [1] Problems of having a small number of children: Have to pay others to work / less income earned;
28. [1] How: Death rate is falling / decreasing / declining / lower; (decreased from 30 in 1947 to 7.2 per 1000 in 2012);
29. [1] Why: Due to improved access to healthcare / more doctors / nurses;
30. [1] Why: Improved medical facilities / more or better or improved hospitals / clinics / faster emergency services;
31. [1] Why: Diseases like cholera / malaria / typhoid have been brought under control;
32. [1] Why: Vaccinations;
33. [1] Why: Improvements in food production / hygienic food / improved diets or examples;
34. [1] Why: Education about healthy living / lifestyle / exercise;
35. [1] Why: Improved hygiene / sanitation / sewerage;
36. [1] Why: Safer / cleaner drinking water / water supply;
37. [1] Why: Infant mortality rate decreasing;
38. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses).
39. Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
40. No valid response [0]
41. Level 1 [1-2]: Simple point addressing any view (1) / Simple points addressing any view (2)
42. Level 2 [3-4]: Developed point(s) explaining one view (3) / Developed point(s) explaining both views (4) / No evaluation
43. Level 3 [5-6]: Developed points explaining both views / Evaluation giving clear support to one view or appropriate example (5) / Evaluation giving clear support to one view and appropriate example (6)
44. Content Guide (Low birth and death rates may assist future development because):
45. [~] Lead to population / economic stability;
46. [~] A lower birth rate puts less pressure on the economic resources, e.g. education and healthcare, food and housing;
47. [~] A low birth rate means a lower dependency ratio;
48. [~] Lower birth rate allows greater investment into agriculture, trade, industry, transport etc. which will eventually lead to economic growth;
49. [~] A larger proportion of 15–60-year olds will mean that there is a large proportion of the population available for work / economically active to contribute to increasing the revenue of the country / pay taxes;
50. [~] Lower death rate means that elderly people can help with child care / pass on wisdom / knowledge to younger generations;
51. Content Guide (Low birth and death rates may limit / hinder future development because):
52. [~] Lower death rate will mean there are more people living longer, which leads to an ageing dependent population may offset possible development from a lower birth rate;
53. [~] A higher proportion of elderly people will increase the need for investment in healthcare, care homes, pensions etc.;
54. [~] There will be an increased dependency ratio of older people to younger people and who contribute less to the economic growth of the country;
55. [~] A larger proportion of 15–60-year olds will mean that there is a large proportion of the population available for work / economically active but this could lead to high unemployment levels if there are not enough jobs available putting a further economic burden on the government;
56. Examples / ideas of how to reduce birth rates e.g. Subs-Sitara Clinics / Chabi ka Nishan