Study Fig. 7, which shows climate data for Lahore, Punjab. Lahore has a monsoon climate. [Figure 7] What is meant by the term 'monsoon'?

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2017). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Season / seasonal;
2. [1] Seasonal wind / weather pattern;
3. [1] Short period of heavy rain / a wet season (Jul to Sept).
4. [1] Rainfall concentrated in Jul-Sept / wet season Jul-Sept;
5. [1] Little rainfall Oct-Jun / dry season Oct-Jan / Apr-May;
6. [1] High annual temperature / 30 °C-34 °C;
7. [1] Highest temperature in Jun just before wet season starts.
8. [1] July low pressure on land / central Asia. December high pressure on land / central Asia or July lower pressure on land / central Asia than December;
9. [1] July moist air / rain bearing winds from sea / Indian Ocean / Bay of Bengal: December dry winds blow from land to sea / winds reverse from July SW to December NE;
10. [1] July tail end of monsoon winds reach northern / north-eastern Pakistan / December little moisture reaches eastern / north-eastern Pakistan;
11. [1] July has high (higher, warmer) temps with more humidity / December has low (lower, cooler) temps with less humidity.
12. [1] Statement 3: 'A greater % of males are working than females'
13. [1] Statement 4: 'A greater % of people are working in rural than urban areas'
14. [1] Higher proportion of women work in agriculture in rural areas / in general, higher percentage of population work in agriculture in rural areas than in urban areas;
15. [1] Higher proportion of women work in cottage industries and small-scale industries in rural areas;
16. [1] More male than female labour migrates from rural areas to urban areas;
17. [1] Mismatched of labour / skills for work in urban areas;
18. [1] Traditional / cultural values less likely to accept women working outside home / women stay at home;
19. [1] Traditional / cultural values mean males more likely to be seen as 'bread winners' in urban areas;
20. [1] In urban areas males paid more than females;
21. [1] Employment in rural areas is more labour intensive than in urban areas / less labour intensive in urban areas.
22. [4] Quicker / more efficient (allowing greater production / profitability);
23. [4] Fewer workers needed (saving labour costs);
24. [4] Standardisation of products (improving quality for export);
25. [4] Reduces / replaces child labour (increasing trade opportunities / lifting embargos with countries previously not trading with Pakistan because of this issue);
26. [4] Increases skills (and therefore more competitive in global market);
27. [4] Costs per unit will decrease (increase profits).
28. [1] Quetta / Gilgit
29. [1] Difficulty with cost of obtaining heating fuel / gas;
30. [1] Unable to farm / grow crops / less income from agriculture / transhumance;
31. [1] Difficulty travelling by road / rail / air due to named adverse weather, e.g. snow / fog / landslides / ice / slippery roads;
32. [1] Loss of telecommunications / electricity due to heavy snowfall;
33. [1] Isolated / cut off from lowland areas;
34. [1] Danger of death from cold / hypothermia, especially for elderly / children;
35. [1] Requires adaptations to clothing / housing;
36. [1] Income from named tourist opportunities, e.g. mountaineering, rock climbing;
37. [1] Fewer mosquitoes / biting insects / diseases, e.g. malaria;
38. [1] Encouragement of small-scale cottage industries.
39. [6] Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to:
40. [6] View A For: High population;
41. [6] View A For: Large demand for passenger travel;
42. [6] View A For: Global airline companies more likely to fly new routes to largest cities / provincial capitals;
43. [6] View A For: Large international airport already present;
44. [6] View A For: Cheaper to expand at current site than construct at a new site as air traffic control / multiple terminal buildings already exist;
45. [6] View A For: Headquarters of Pakistan International Airlines;
46. [6] View A For: Shorter distance to travel to Middle East / Gulf states than interior such as Sialkot;
47. [6] View A For: Large industrial city;
48. [6] View A For: Good (named) infrastructure facilities present.
49. [6] View A Against: Increase in noise / air pollution at Jinnah site;
50. [6] View A Against: Increase in traffic congestion to and from airport;
51. [6] View A Against: Uneven development.
52. [6] View B For: Shorter distance to travel to Iran / Afghanistan / China / India;
53. [6] View B For: Demand for trade in local manufactured items;
54. [6] View B For: Even development of air transport infrastructure over country;
55. [6] View B For: Bring in tourists / income from tourism.
56. [6] View B Against: Cost of providing air facilities at new sites;
57. [6] View B Against: Serve smaller populations – less likely to generate large numbers of passengers / profit;
58. [6] View B Against: Nok Kundi very remote;
59. [6] View B Against: Difficulties in building in Balochistan due to climate.