Study Fig. 5, which is a map of southern Pakistan. [Figure 5] On the map name the following: Line of longitude A–A; River B; Desert C.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2017). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Line of longitude A–A: 64°E;
2. [1] River B: Hab;
3. [1] Desert C: Thal.
4. [1] Flat or gentle sloping land;
5. [1] Lower Indus Plain / low altitude;
6. [1] Flood plain / active floodplain (bet) / old floodplain;
7. [1] Delta;
8. [1] Limestone cliffs at Hyderabad (Ganjo Takkar Hills) / escarpment / cuesta;
9. [1] Doab / sand dunes (tibbas);
10. [1] Piedmont plains with alluvial fans.
11. [1] Heavy (high) rainfall / monsoon rainfall;
12. [1] Monsoon winds (strong wind) / SW monsoon / weather pattern from India / Arabian Sea;
13. [1] Rapid snow melt (in Himalayas / Karokoram / Hindu Kush / Tibet);
14. [1] Melting of glaciers (in Himalayas / Karokoram / Hindu Kush / Tibet).
15. [1] How roads are interconnected / joined / distributed / spread out across an area / linkage of roads / road pattern
16. [2] Bar drawn at 7 for number of roads (allow 6-8); Correctly shaded using key
17. [4] Rugged / steep slopes / high / hilly terrain (making road building difficult) or (more expensive to build – embankments / cuttings / tunnels / bridges);
18. [4] Unstable land – landslide / rock falls (dangerous);
19. [4] Remote / uninhabited / low population density areas / few people live in these areas (so less demand for roads / so hard to supply equipment / lack of labour to build roads);
20. [4] Groups who live in these areas may be traditional in outlook (and therefore oppose areas being opened up by roads / are resistant to modernisation);
21. [4] Long distance to cover between towns (making road projects expensive);
22. [4] Lack of investment;
23. [4] Extreme weather / extremely cold / snow / frost (roads blocked by snow).
24. [1] One of: babul, shisham, acacia, coniferous / spruce / fir, eucalyptus, jhand, tamarisk, fruit trees.
25. [1] Rainfall - in sufficient quantity / distributed throughout the year / arid areas only thorn or scrub / wetter areas for evergreen / broad-leafed;
26. [1] Temperature – mild / warm for non-coniferous / cool / cold for coniferous;
27. [1] Extent of water supply other than rainfall oases / aquifer at surface, river banks, sea / estuary / delta for mangroves / tolerates salt;
28. [1] Soil - alluvium for mangrove / riverain / soil type influences density of forest;
29. [1] Altitude - types of forest vary with altitude / only up to treeline at 4000 m / coniferous; 1000-4000 m / thorn / scrub / riverain below 1000 m.
30. [6] Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to:
31. [6] Benefits: Quicker / cheaper long distance travel for passengers / goods;
32. [6] Benefits: More developed public transport network means less need for / expense of car ownership;
33. [6] Benefits: Employment in named transport industry / building motorways;
34. [6] Benefits: Greater mobility of labour / university students;
35. [6] Benefits: Greater ability to transport bulky / low value goods / freight / minerals;
36. [6] Benefits: Rail development reduces number of cars / lorries on the roads and amount of air pollution / fumes from road vehicles;
37. [6] Benefits: Development of industrial estates / settlements alongside new roads.
38. [6] Problems: Rail not door-to-door / trains only stop at stations;
39. [6] Problems: Fumes from diesel trains cause air pollution / very polluting;
40. [6] Problems: Noise pollution;
41. [6] Problems: Railway tracks / motorways use up / divide farmland;
42. [6] Problems: Railway tracks / motorways destroy / disturb / divide natural habitat;
43. [6] Problems: Relocation of people / loss of homes / reduces value of property.