Read the source below carefully to answer question (a). Zia-ul-Haq wanted to run Pakistan with a strong government based on Islamic values countering the socialist reforms that Bhutto introduced. This would help win the support of the religious elements within Pakistan's political parties. He also felt that by portraying a strong Islamic country facing up to the invasion of Afghanistan by Russia, he would win support from the West. As a result he embarked on an Islamisation programme.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2013). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to: Part of his Islamisation programme, 1977 onwards, including Offences against Property, Zina, Qafq and Prohibition Ordinances. Islamic punishments for gambling, drinking, theft and adultery, e.g. amputation of right hand for theft and 80 stripes of the cane for drinking alcohol. 1980 Zakat Ordinance imposed a 2.5% wealth tax to be given to the poor, Ushr Ordinance 5% tax on agricultural income which supported Zakat.
2. [1] LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer He wasn't liked.
3. [2-4] LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons He lost out on American aid.
4. [5-7] LEVEL 3: Explains reasons He attempted to solve Pakistan's unemployment problem by providing cheap loans to men to buy taxis that he had imported. Few of the loans were repaid which put a strain on the economy. This was made worse when he tried to finance major investment projects that depended upon foreign aid especially from the USA. This aid was in decline and placed a severe strain on Pakistan's finances. The closure of a major bank also made matters worse. As a result of these policies Sharif and his government were blamed. The mismanagement of the Cooperative societies led to millions of Pakistanis losing their money and again the government was blamed. In particular his family's association with loans that were made led to his image being harmed. Violence in Pakistan that related to drugs and the use of guns led to a strong response from Sharif but his actions were criticised by the opposition parties for being too repressive. Sharif came into conflict with the President over the appointment of an army chief of staff and also with the Eighth Amendment. Sharif was dismissed on charges of corruption.
5. [1-2] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement Relations between the two nations have been poor.
6. [3-6] LEVEL 2: Description of relationship May outline the Kashmir Crisis and the Wars in 1965 and 1971. Nuclear tests in 1974 etc.
7. [7-10] LEVEL 3 Explains successes or failures
8. [9-13] LEVEL 4: Explains successes and failures Successes: Agreement regarding border between east Bengal and Assam 1948 Minorities Agreement 1950 Simla Accord 1972. Failures: Kashmir 1965 and 1971 Wars Nuclear arms race Aftermath of Indira Gandhi's assassination Kargil conflict 1999
9. [14] LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation.