Study Fig. 8 which is a bar graph giving information about infrastructure spending in Pakistan for 2014-15. [Figure 8]. Read the following article: People move to towns and cities from the countryside for many reasons and often in large numbers. Some people return but most stay. As well as changing the lives of the migrants in many different ways, this rural-urban migration also brings change to the urban areas. The effects can be positive or negative.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2016). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [2] (a)(i) A Definition: the basic facilities / services / installations / utilities e.g. electricity, water needed for the functioning / operation of a community / society / enterprise / country / area - 1 mark
2. [2] (a)(i) A Example: Roads / rail / ports / airports / electricity / gas /power supplies / sewerage / water / telecommunication / phone lines / internet provision – 1 mark
3. [3] (a)(i) B Projects cost much more than funds / money available
4. [3] (a)(i) B Total projects Rs7700 ±100 bn, funds available Rs700 ±100 bn – lack of funds overall
5. [3] (a)(i) B Source of funds available – government Rs400 ±100 bn, private Rs150 ±50 bn, foreign assistance Rs 150± 50 bn – government has to rely heavily on private / foreign assistance
6. [3] (a)(i) B Large amount / number of ongoing / new projects
7. [3] (a)(i) B Not all projects can be funded successfully – ongoing projects Rs 4200 ± 100 bn / new projects e.g. new Wapda Rs1500 ± 100 bn, new K-L motorway Rs800 ± 100 bn, new other Rs1200 ±100 bn, new total RS3500 ± 100 bn
8. [3] (a)(i) B Wapda more expensive than money available / Wapda Rs1500 ± 100 bn, funds available Rs 700 ± 100 bn
9. [3] (a)(i) B Money available would only pay for Karachi-Lahore motorway / funds available Rs 700 ± 100 bn, K-L motorway Rs 700 ± 100 bn
10. Maximum of 1 mark for use of data with Rs bn units. Tolerance ± 100 Rs bn
11. [3] (a)(ii) Size of debt / trade / balance of payments deficit
12. [3] (a)(ii) Limited financial resources / lack of funds available / limited amount of money collected through taxes
13. [3] (a)(ii) Narrow export base leads to instability in export earnings
14. [3] (a)(ii) Investment is sometimes difficult
15. [3] (a)(ii) Spending cuts to balance budget
16. [3] (a)(ii) Change of government / policies
17. [3] (a)(ii) No agreements with foreign capital / banks
18. [3] (a)(ii) Other national priorities / more pressing priorities than development projects
19. [3] (a)(ii) Funds for natural disaster relief
20. [3] (a)(ii) No large projects in those years / projects may have been completed / maintenance of existing projects prioritised
21. [3] (a)(ii) Less financial aid
22. [2] (b)(i) Higher paid jobs / better working conditions / more opportunity / variety of work
23. [2] (b)(i) Better / higher education / colleges
24. [2] (b)(i) More reliable sources of food
25. [2] (b)(i) Expectation of better quality of life
26. [2] (b)(i) Greater access to healthcare / hospitals / more hospitals / doctors
27. [2] (b)(i) Better healthcare / improved medicines / vaccinations
28. [2] (b)(i) Constant supply / availability of water / electricity / gas / telephone
29. [2] (b)(i) More entertainment
30. [2] (b)(i) Better / more housing
31. [2] (b)(i) Better road / rail / bus links
32. [2] (b)(i) Better law and order
33. [4] (b)(ii) Greater workforce
34. [4] (b)(ii) Increased competition for jobs / more unemployment
35. [4] (b)(ii) Greater variety of skills
36. [4] (b)(ii) Larger local market
37. [4] (b)(ii) Overcrowding / shortage of housing / shanty development
38. [4] (b)(ii) Overpopulation / densely populated
39. [4] (b)(ii) Shortage of food / lack of food
40. [4] (b)(ii) Strain / pressure on named services e.g. need more schools
41. [4] (b)(ii) Strain on named utilities e.g. water, power
42. [4] (b)(ii) Crime increases / increase in violence
43. [4] (b)(ii) Growth in informal sector
44. [4] (b)(ii) Urban sprawl / unplanned urban growth
45. [4] (b)(ii) Traffic congestion / jams
46. [4] (b)(ii) Increase in social and psychological problems
47. [4] (b)(ii) Air / water / land / noise pollution / dumping untreated waste / damage to aquatic life
48. [4] (b)(ii) Increased incidence of named health hazard – dysentery, cholera / disease spreads more quickly
49. [1] (c)(i) Karachi / Korangi
50. [4] (c)(ii) Gutting / washing / cleaning (initial preparation of fish for other processes / ensure hygiene)
51. [4] (c)(ii) Freezing (preserve (freshness) / for export)
52. [4] (c)(ii) Canning (preserve / for export)
53. [4] (c)(ii) Converting to fishmeal (for domestic poultry feed)
54. [4] (c)(ii) Salting (so that the fish is preserved)
55. [4] (c)(ii) Curing (dehydrates the fish so it can last longer / preserve)
56. [4] (c)(ii) Smoking (preserves the fish and gives it a unique taste)
57. [4] (c)(ii) Storage (of fish in refrigerators allows maximum storage time) / refrigerating (keeps the fish in its original state for eating)
58. [4] (c)(ii) Packaging (preparing for transport / preparation for sale / protects the fish from contamination / prevents spoilage)
59. [4] (c)(ii) Boat making / making nets / repairing boats / repairing nets (preparing for the process of catching fish)
60. Maximum of 2 + 2 (mark + development mark)
61. L3 5-6 marks: 6- Developed points explaining both views (possible and not possible). Evaluation gives clear support to one view. At least one reference to an appropriate place or example
62. L3 5- Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view
63. L2 3-4 marks: 4- Developed point(s) explaining both views. No evaluation
64. L2 3- Developed point(s) explaining one view
65. L1 1-2 marks: 2- Simple point(s) addressing both views
66. L1 1- Simple point(s) addressing one view
67. 0 - No valid response
68. Indicative content (development of points in parentheses)
69. Possible: Long undeveloped coastline (1050 km / Makran Coast 750 km)
70. Possible: Gwadar being developed as a new port / fish harbour with modern facilities / EPZ (providing base for linkage to central Asian states)
71. Possible: Potential at Pasni / Jiwani / Sur Bandar / Ormara (allowing more fish to be refrigerated / preserved for transport to Karachi)
72. Possible: Government support (provides essential facilities for a fishing port to allow sustainability)
73. Possible: Compliance with EU / international quality standards (to remove import bans / embargoes)
74. Possible: Increase local ice factories / refrigerated storage / packing / canning facilities (to reduce need to transport to Karachi)
75. Possible: Training / education (could provide employment of local educated youth)
76. Possible: Value added products made for export (make more foreign exchange)
77. Not possible: Limited private sector and/or government investment / expensive to expand / contributes little to exports / focus on other industries (meaning technology and skills are not upgraded)
78. Not possible: Many processing plants under capacity / out of operation (showing that the future development is uncertain)
79. Not possible: Few skilled workers
80. Not possible: Coastline remote / poor transport links (e.g. no railway / small airports / delayed new road links)
81. Not possible: Canning factories have been unhygienic and a cause for import bans (to EU / Saudi Arabia)
82. Not possible: Unreliable export market (about 30% worldwide)
83. Not possible: Low profits (6% of foreign exchange)
84. Not possible: Foreign competition
85. Not possible: Urban centres prefer fresh fish (so processed fish only to a few large department stores)
86. Not possible: Per capita consumption is low (1.6 kg p.a.)