(a) (i) Describe two human inputs used in the cultivation of cotton. (ii) Study Fig. 6 which is a graph showing the production of raw cotton in Pakistan over the period 1982–2014. [Figure 6] A Describe the main changes in the production of raw cotton between 1982 and 2014. B Suggest three reasons for the production levels seen in the years 1991, 2004 or 2011. (b) Describe different ways in which governments can support farmers. (c) Study Fig. 7 which is a table giving information about agriculture in Pakistan over the period 1950-2010. [Figure 7] (i) Describe the relationship between agricultural labour force and cropped area. (ii) Suggest reasons for the change over the period 1950–2010 for either labour force or cropped area, as shown in Fig. 7. Choice Reasons (d) Read the following two views: A Pakistan should plant more cash crops on its land to generate export earnings. B More land should be used to grow crops to feed the growing population of Pakistan. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2016). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] Labour (people) – picking / ploughing / sowing, etc. / mainly women / paid at low rate Machinery / appropriate example of machinery (e.g. tractors) – picking / quick process Pesticides / insecticides – prevent disease and damage to the crop Fertilisers - larger size of cotton boll / for high yields Irrigation - 1 month and 3 months after sowing / when rainfall is lacking HYVs – Nayyab / 78 / B-557 / 149-F / resistance to leaf-curl virus / humidity tolerant / less sensitive to temperature Capital / investment / finance – purchase machinery, seeds, fertiliser, pay labour Government loans / subsidies – purchase of machinery, seeds, fertiliser Knowledge - shape of the land, soil type, aspect, weather patterns Traditions - farming methods handed down over generations Maximum of 2 + 2 (mark for a named input + mark for detail)
2. [3] Overall increase Overall fluctuation Significant rises: 82/83 to 91/92 / 94 to 04 Significant falls: 91/92 to 94/95 / 04 to 07/10 Maximum of 1 mark for use of data
3. [3] Ample / plenty of / no shortage of rainfall / irrigation No / little rain at harvest, no flooding No / little frost / mild night temperatures No / few insect attacks / diseases Greater use of fertilisers, HYVs Greater use of insecticides and pesticides Government incentives / policies e.g. need to produce more food, increased availability of loans
4. [4] Providing / maintaining large irrigation schemes / dams / canals Providing solutions for waterlogging and salinity, (such as SCARP, tubewell linings, etc.) Developing HYV seeds (on government farms / collaboration with MNCs) Plant protection programme / aerial spraying / advising on pesticides and treatment methods Offering loans (for machinery / tubewells / fertilisers / pesticides / seeds / labour costs) Veterinary care Livestock research (on government farms) Redress after flood / natural disaster Land reform Educating / training farmers (on use of HYVs / modern farming methods / sustainable methods / organic farming) Further development / increased production of fertiliser industries Providing weather forecasts
5. [2] As labour force decreases, area increases / negative correlation / inverse relationship - 1 mark Use any four statistics to illustrate above statement, e.g. 'Labour was 66% whereas area was 13 ha then later when labour was 45% the area was 23 ha' - 1 mark
6. [3] Labour force Mechanisation of farms Rural to urban migration Alternative work / occupations / factory work / informal sector work in urban areas Higher paid work in urban area Education and learning more / wider skills Cropped area mark force and cropped area. -2011.rs.gs on expensive imports of fuels. Reclamation of desert More areas irrigated Deforestation Soil improved by fertilisers Greater demand for food crops / commercial crops
7. L3 5-6 marks 6- Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view. At least one reference to an appropriate example 5- Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view L2 3-4 marks 4 – Developed point(s) explaining both views. No evaluation 3- Developed point(s) explaining one view L1 1-2 marks 2- Simple point(s) addressing both views 1- Simple point(s) addressing one view 0 No valid response Indicative content (development of points in parentheses) Cash crops For Income (balance of payments / trade deficit / debt / imports greater than exports) Can bring high profits Benefits from government incentives (e.g. support prices / development of new seeds) Access to loans for modern / expensive inputs (e.g. fertilisers / pesticides / machinery / HYVs) Examples: wheat, rice, cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, oilseeds Economies of scale on large holdings / single crops Against Many farmers cannot afford cost of modern agricultural methods in cash crop farming Cash crops are monocultures (vulnerable to disease / uses chemical inputs such as fertilisers / pesticides which can pollute water) Food crops For Population growing rapidly (1.6% per annum) Increasing demand for food Fertile land becoming scarce (due to waterlogging and salinity / desertification / soil erosion / over cultivation) Saves expensive imports of food / reduces import bill Can be grown on subsistence farms / at low cost (using traditional methods / implements / family labour / small holdings) Examples: rice, millet / bajra, sorghum / jowar, maize, fruit, vegetables Against Farmers growing only food crops / subsistence farmers do not make enough income / profit to invest in improving their farms for more output Development may progress at a slow rate if subsistence farming increases – people will be occupied in providing food and not working in other sectors Not all families may have access to fertile land May not have the skills to grow own food If adverse weather conditions affect many farms – could result in famine – if Pakistan imports food the population can still be fed