(a) Study Fig. 3 which is a map showing the locations where three different non-metallic minerals are extracted in Pakistan. [Figure 3] (i) For any two locations, state the name of the mineral extracted and a use for this mineral. Write your answers in the spaces provided on Fig. 3. You should choose from the following list: gypsum limestone rocksalt (ii) Using Fig. 3 and your own knowledge, suggest difficulties there may be in getting minerals to export markets. (b) Study Photograph C (Insert). (i) Name the type of livestock shown in this photograph. (ii) Why is this type of livestock valuable to the farmer? (iii) What environmental problems can be caused by keeping this type of livestock? (c) (i) Name two of Pakistan's main exports. (ii) Read the following article: Pakistan produces many goods that could be exported in greater quantities. For a variety of reasons the amount of exports remains low: in 2013 the value of exports was only 13% of GDP. Explain why it is difficult for Pakistan to sell more of its goods to other countries. (d) Chemical fertilisers to help increase agricultural production are one of Pakistan's main imports. These imports are expensive. Read the following two views: A Pakistan should manufacture more of its own chemical fertilisers to reduce the need for importing them. B Pakistan should rely less on chemical fertilisers and reduce the need for importing them by using natural alternatives. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and explain why it is important to reduce imports of chemical fertilisers.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2016). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] Location NW - rocksalt / limestone / gypsum Central - limestone / gypsum S - limestone Mark any two correct Uses Rocksalt: cooking / preservation / soda (used in laundries / textiles / tanning) flavouring food Gypsum: paints / fertilisers / boards / cement / to treat saline soil / plaster of paris Limestone: for building / cement / bleach / glass / soap / paints / to treat saline soil / bleaching powder / paper
2. [3] Heavy / bulky commodities Expensive to transport Roads and railways from mining areas poorly developed / or not connected Mostly extracted far inland / away from ports / Karachi / distance from markets / takes a long time / remoteness Mountainous / rugged terrain Theft Inappropriate / inadequate vehicles to transport minerals
3. [1] Goat (only)
4. [3] Goatskin / leather products Meat / food Dairy products e.g. milk, yoghurt, cheese, Can survive in rugged areas / sparse grazing / costs little or nothing to feed / do not need much looking after / move goats around easily Dung as manure / fuel Source of income Wool
5. [2] Overgrazing / too many livestock animals in too small an area / livestock not moved to different pastures / land becomes more marginal Soil erosion / desertification / land becoming barren Damage to young trees / deforestation
6. [2] Linen / textiles / clothing / men's suits / bed linen Raw cotton / cotton yarn / cotton products Carpets / tents /rugs Rice Refined petroleum / oil Cement Leather / leather products / named leather product e.g. shoes Sports goods Surgical instruments Chemicals
7. [4] Challenging to compete with foreign / larger companies / producers (accept an example, e.g. Egypt - textiles) Quality of items (lack of access to / high cost of raw materials / machinery) Child labour causes barriers to trade (e.g. EU) Limited management expertise in the export industry Other countries have trade barriers / tariffs / quotas / restrictions (to protect their own industries / markets) Relations with some other countries restricts trade Pakistan government may have trade barriers with other countries (e.g. China on cheap imported goods) Maximum of 2 + 2 (mark + development mark)
8. L3 5-6 marks 6 – Developed points addressing both views and the importance of reducing imports of chemical fertilisers. Evaluation gives clear support to one view 5 – Developed points addressing both views and the importance of reducing imports of chemical fertilisers. No evaluation L2 3-4 marks 4 – Two developed point(s) addressing any view 3 – Developed point addressing any view L1 1-2 marks 2 – Two simple point(s) addressing any view 1 – Simple point addressing one view 0 - No valid response Indicative content (development of points in parentheses) Chemical fertilisers Modern factories (e.g. Enven-Engro in Daharki, Sindh) are energy efficient / environmentally compliant Cow dung is in insufficient amounts / used as a fuel in rural areas Pakistan has large supplies of natural gas (the main raw material for fertiliser) (at Sui) Natural alternatives Fertiliser factories use large amounts of fuel (especially natural gas) Ample source of manure from large livestock sector Ample source of compost from agricultural waste Alternative methods of improving soil quality are possible (crop rotation / nitrogen-fixing plants / beans / legumes / avoiding overcropping / multi-cropping) Importance The cost of imports (trade / balance of payments deficit / imports>exports) (fertilisers one of top 5 imports / 2% imports) Chemical fertilisers cause water pollution (agricultural runoff containing chemicals goes into streams / rivers / causes eutrophication)