O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of Pakistan2059/20 · Oct/Nov 2015 · Q225 Marks

Study Fig. 2, which shows the usage of natural gas in Pakistan in the year 2010–11. [Figure 2.0] Study Fig. 3, which is a graph showing usage of electricity in Gigawatt-hours by three different sectors over a ten-year period. [Figure 3.0]

(a)(i)In the key, name the activities A and B which are two of the main users of natural gas in Pakistan.[2]
(a)(ii)State two ways in which gas is transported to homes in Pakistan.[2]
(b)(i)What was the industrial usage of electricity in 2004?[1]
(b)(ii)To what extent are the changes over the ten years similar for the three sectors?[3]
(b)(iii)Loadshedding is the deliberate, temporary reduction in supply of electricity from a power station. Explain the effect of loadshedding on industry and business.[4]
(c)(i)A. From the list below, circle one place which regularly experiences the highest temperatures in June in Pakistan. Quetta Karachi Jacobabad Abbottabad Larkana Zhob B. Which range best describes the highest temperatures recorded? Put a tick in one of the boxes below. Temperature (°C) 46–48 49–51 52–54 TICK[2]
(c)(ii)Explain why the place you have named in (i) is the hottest place in Pakistan.[2]
(c)(iii)Describe the effects on people of living in extremely hot climates.[3]
(d)It has been suggested that a power station to harness solar energy should be built in Bahawalpur District, Punjab. The solar panels and associated access roads and buildings will cover 25 km². Read the following two views about this proposal: With fossil fuels running out, Pakistan needs to produce more renewable energy on this land. As much land as possible is needed to grow food for Pakistan's growing population. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2015). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] A Power [stations]/electricity [generation] 1 mark
[1] B Household/domestic/residential 1 mark
USE LIST RULE
[2] By pipeline [to major cities]
[2] In cylinders / as LPG / by tanker
[1] 17400 GWh/Gigawatt-hours Accept 17000–18000 ‘17.4 (000) GWh' = 0
[3] All/overall increase
[3] Not much/little/some fluctuation
[3] Steady/gradual increase
[3] Similar rate of increase
[3] Agriculture increases least
[3] Household increases most
[3] Increase to be qualified
[4] Interrupts/loss of /delays in production / work stops (increasing costs)
[4] Loss of orders/cannot meet deadlines (which will lose customers)
[4] Loss of income/profit (preventing further investment in the business)
[4] Lower quality of products (leading to fewer exports)
[4] Machinery/ computers/IT likely to get damaged (increasing costs to the company)
[4] Labour idle
[4] Difficult working conditions (due to lack of air conditioning/lights/computers/IT)
[4] Cost of using generators (increasing costs of production)
[4] Email communication / communication with other businesses disrupted/hindered
[4] Loss of reputation/customer confidence (which deters investors)
[4] Accept development of points (examples in parentheses).
[4] Do not credit same explanation more than once
[1] A. Accept either Larkana or Jacobabad 1 mark
[1] Β. 52-54 C 1 mark
[2] Does not have the cooling effect of altitude
[2] Far from moderating effects/maritime influence from sea
[2] Lack of cloud cover/clear skies
[2] High angle of sun
[0] References to equator = 0
[3] Difficult working conditions
[3] People have to stay indoors / stay in shade /cannot stay outdoors too long
[3] Heat-related deaths
[3] e.g. heatstroke/heart attack/sunstroke/skin cancer/dehydration
[3] Difficulty storing water
[3] Need to avoid dehydration by drinking more water
[3] Requires adapations to clothing to keep cool
[0] References to nomadism = 0
[6] Levels marked
[6] Level 3 (5-6 marks) Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to one view. (5) and with at least one specific link to the question material (6).
[6] Level 2 (3-4 marks) Developed point(s) explaining one view (3), explaining both views (4). No evaluation.
[6] Level 1 (1-2 marks) Simple point addressing one view (1), simple points addressing both views (2)
[6] Indicative content (developed points in parentheses)
[6] Renewables
[6] For
[6] Large areas of open land are needed to produce renewable energy (since each unit e.g. one wind turbine or one solar panel does not generate much electricity)
[6] Need to have alternative sources of energy to fossil fuels (which will run out/exhaust eventually/cannot be replaced/are not sustainable)
[6] Fossil fuels becoming expensive (because of scarcity/costs of production from increasingly inaccessible/inhospitable places/prices controlled by cartels e.g. OPEC)
[6] Bahawalpur District is largely desert and suitable for solar power generation (because of lack of cloud cover/high number of sunny days per year)
[6] Against
[6] There are sufficient deposits of fossil fuels (as well as the funds/expertise to extract them)
[6] Agriculture
[6] For
[6] Population growing at a fast rate (nationally about1.6% per year)
[6] Increasing demand for food
[6] Although a desert area land can be reclaimed for agriculture by irrigation (from R. Panjnad and R. Sutlej)(and crops such as wheat/edible oil seeds /citrus fruits/apricots/mangoes can be grown)
[6] Against
[6] Desert areas of Bahawalpur District unsuitable for agriculture (due to requirement for expensive irrigation systems)