(a) Study Fig. 4. | Province | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Sindh | Punjab | Balochistan | |---|---|---|---|---| | Area (sq. km) | 74521 | 140914 | 205345 | 345190 | | Population Density (people per sq. km) | 238 | 216 | 358 | 19 | | Population under 15 years (by %) | 47 | 43 | 42 | 47 | | Population from 15 to 65 years (by %) | 50 | 54 | 54 | 51 | | Population over 65 years (by %) | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 |

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2014). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Smallest - KPK
2. [1] Largest - Balochistan
3. [1] 216 people per sq. km.
4. [1] Punjab
5. [1] (Factor) Relief: Mountainous; Too steep / uneven for irrigation / building / agriculture; Difficult to construct transport routes; Long journey times
6. [2] (Explanation of Relief)
7. [1] (Factor) Climate: Extremely dry / arid / desert; Really hot in summer; Very cold in mountains; Too dry for farming; Shortage of water
8. [2] (Explanation of Climate)
9. [1] (Factor) Infrastructure: Lack of / poor named infrastructure; Lack of / poor roads for access to food / essential supplies; Lack of / poor roads for trade / industrialisation / communication; Lack of power / electricity / telecommunications / water for homes / businesses / schools
10. [2] (Explanation of Infrastructure)
11. [1] (Factor) Security: Tribal warfare / insurgencies / terrorism / bombings; Threat to homes / livelihood; Danger of death; Hinders education; Prevents investment / industrialisation
12. [2] (Explanation of Security)
13. [1] Punjab
14. [1] For Punjab (reverse for Balochistan): Fewer under 15 / children / young people; More 15 to 65 / working age / independent; More over 65 / elderly
15. [1] (For Punjab, Fewer children - Advantages) Reduced demand for / pressure on resources schools / clinics for young; More chance of education / school places; Less likelihood of poverty in family
16. [1] (For Punjab, Fewer children - Problems) Fewer workers / less innovation / fewer unemployed; Not enough young to look after old
17. [1] (For Punjab, More people of working age - Advantages) More production / economic growth; More taxes paid / people earning
18. [1] (For Punjab, More people of working age - Problems) Fewer job opportunities / more unemployment / lower wages; More pressure on named resources e.g. healthcare / recreation / public transport / food supply
19. [1] (For Punjab, Larger population of older dependents - Advantages) Old give good advice / provide family support
20. [1] (For Punjab, Larger population of older dependents - Problems) Old cannot work / do not contribute to economy; More healthcare / family / social support / homes for elderly / pension needed; Cost of care / pensions / raised taxes to provide for care / pensions
21. [1] (Possibilities) More education of women / more women in careers (will marry later / have shorter reproductive spans / less desire for children / large families)
22. [1] (Possibilities) More education on family planning / awareness of [economic] problems caused by high BRs
23. [1] (Possibilities) Use of family planning / better access to contraception / more family planning programmes / clinics / population policy
24. [1] (Possibilities) Cheaper contraception
25. [1] (Possibilities) More hospitals / clinics / better healthcare (lowers infant mortality so less need to replace those who die)
26. [1] (Possibilities) Approval of family planning by religious leaders
27. [1] (Possibilities) Raising marriage age
28. [1] (Possibilities) Banning child labour (so less need for children to work on farms)
29. [1] (Problems) Lack of education / illiteracy
30. [1] (Problems) Lack of empowerment of women to control family size
31. [1] (Problems) Traditions / opposition to contraception
32. [1] (Problems) Lack of medical facilities / investment in family planning programmes
33. [1] (Problems) Traditional beliefs encouraging large families
34. [1] (Problems) Early marriage