O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of Pakistan2059/20 · Oct/Nov 2013 · Q425 Marks

The Insert contains Photograph C for Questions 3 and 4, Photographs D and E for Question 4 and Fig. 7 for Question 5.

(a)(i)Study Photographs D and E (Insert). Name the type of renewable energy being generated.[2]
(a)(ii)Give three advantages of renewable energy.[3]
(a)(iii)Give three disadvantages of generating energy by either D or E.[3]
(b)Study Fig. 6, a map of Pakistan. [Figure 6] On the map name the two dams shown, and the rivers on which they are situated.[4]
(c)(i)With reference to water supply and relief (topography) explain why it might be possible to build more HEP (hydel) power stations in areas such as that shown in Photograph C (Insert).[4]
(c)(ii)Give three reasons why it is difficult to develop more HEP (hydel) power stations in Pakistan.[3]
(d)To what extent is it possible to increase the electricity supply to rural areas?[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2013). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] D wind
[1] E solar
[1] Will not run out/does not deplete natural resources
[1] Clean/do not pollute (environment)
[1] Free at source
[1] Can be small scale
[1] Wind Not constant, ineffective if wind speed too low/too high, unsightly, noisy, expensive to build, small output, can harm wildlife e.g. birds
[1] Solar Not constant, needs clear skies, not at night, less in winter, expensive to build, small output
[1] X Tarbela, Indus
[1] Y Mangla, Jhelum
[1] Water supply High rainfall, melting glaciers, melting snow, low temperatures/evaporation, continuous supply from rivers/rain (max 2)
[1] Relief (topography) Deep valleys, narrow valleys, steep slopes/steep-sided valleys, waterfalls, high altitude (max 2)
[1] (Climate change so) less rainfall
[1] (Climate change so) higher temperatures and more evaporation/glaciers smaller
[1] Liable to siltation in reservoirs
[1] High cost
[1] No investment/government support/changing government policies
[1] Opposition from tribal areas (in mountains)/security issues
[1] Lack of skilled labour/expertise
[1] Opposition to loss of land (for reservoir)
[1] Dispute over share of water (between provinces)
[1] Possibilities Extend national grid
[1] Increase (national) power generation/nuclear power
[1] More/good potential for renewable schemes, wind, solar, HEP (max 2)
[1] (allow dev to further max 2 for details)
[1] More small-scale power generation schemes
[1] E.g. biogas using animal/plant waste/molasses (dev)
[1] Problems High cost of technology/fuel/maintenance
[1] Theft
[1] Damage/energy loss...
[1] ... Due to long transmission lines/siltation in reservoirs for HEP
[1] Distance from grid stations/remoteness of some rural areas
[1] Tribal opposition
[1] Insufficient power generation...
[1] ...So urban needs met first
[1] Lack of government support/loans/investment/policies
[1] Difficult construction in rugged/mountainous terrain
[1] Lack of named skilled personnel, e.g. engineers