Study Fig. 4, a graph showing the weight of goods carried by road and rail transport in Pakistan. [Figure 4] The Insert contains Photograph C for Questions 3 and 4, Photographs D and E for Question 4 and Fig. 7 for Question 5.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2013). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] 128 million tonnes per km
2. [1] 122 million (tonnes per km)
3. [1] 18-20 million (tonnes per km)
4. [1] Roads go everywhere } (Accept converses for these two lines)
5. [1] Door-to-door }
6. [1] More roads built
7. [1] Improved/pucca roads
8. [1] Motorways/dual carriageways
9. [1] Little investment in railways
10. [1] Damaged track
11. [1] Poor engines/trucks/carriages
12. [1] Rail suffers delays
13. [1] X - X 36 °N
14. [1] Y-Y 30 °N
15. [1] Temperature Greater heating/warming effects lower latitudes/nearer equator/lower heating/cooling effect higher latitudes
16. [1] Lower latitudes more direct rays of the sun (Accept converse)
17. [1] Higher or lower angle of the sun/high latitude lower angle of sun/low latitude higher angle of sun
18. [1] High latitudes less insolation/more rays absorbed by the atmosphere/rays spread over larger area (Accept converse)
19. [1] Day length High latitudes days shorter in winter and longer in summer/the higher the latitude the shorter the days in winter/low latitudes days and nights more equal in length
20. [1] Earth is tilted on its axis
21. [1] Hemisphere experiencing summer points towards the sun / N hemisphere points toward sun in summer and away from sun in winter
22. [1] Valleys
23. [1] Rivers/rapids
24. [1] Mountains/hills
25. [1] Greenery/lush vegetation/meadows/pastures
26. [1] Forest/trees
27. [1] Terraces
28. [1] Tracks/trails
29. [1] Making/sale of crafts
30. [1] Opening shops in village
31. [1] Guides (on tracks/trails)
32. [1] Named services e.g. hotels/restaurants
33. [1] Named transport services
34. [1] Offering accommodation in own home
35. [1] Construction of tourist facilities
36. [1] Possibilities By providing more/improved/good/etc. – security, named infrastructure, hotels, named tourist activities (max 2)
37. [1] Advertising/promotion
38. [1] Training for staff in tourist industry/education about accepting tourists
39. [1] Maintenance/cleanliness of tourist attractions
40. [1] Attraction - mountain ranges/valleys, forests, archaeological/historic/cultural sites, mosques, modern buildings, traditional crafts/bazaars, hill stations (max 1)
41. [1] Strategies for increasing tourism, e.g. – preventing deforestation in tourist areas, removing litter/rubbish from e.g. Murree, opening a (winter) resort + details, (max 2)
42. [1] Problems Unstable political situation
43. [1] Corruption
44. [1] Lack of security/terrorism
45. [1] Accommodation below Western standards
46. [1] Poor named infrastructure
47. [1] High cost of developing tourist areas/facilities
48. [1] Lack of government support/attention/interest