(a) Study Fig. 5.1, pie charts showing the proportion of people employed in urban and rural areas of Pakistan in 1990 and 2020.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2025). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [2] what is the proportion of people employed in urban areas in 1990? 26 or 27(%)
2. by how much has the proportion of people employed in rural areas decreased between 1990 and 2020? 34 or 33(%)
3. 2 @ 1 mark
4. [2] Most workers are in primary and secondary sector jobs
5. The tertiary sector employs the highest proportion of workers
6. 2 @ 1 mark
7. [2] mechanisation/machinery (reduces workers needed)
8. industrialisation/factories/growth of secondary sector
9. growth of services/tertiary sector
10. rural to urban migration/move to cities
11. low wages/falling income/people seek higher pay
12. literacy/education/seek better working conditions
13. flooding/waterlogging/salinity/desertification/soil erosion
14. increasing costs of seeds/pesticides/chemicals
15. land reform/ownership causes number employed to change
16. population growth creates higher demand for food/more food production needed
17. commercial farms are expanding/need high numbers of workers
18. 2 @ 1 mark
19. [3] uneven/scattered/patchy/varied
20. high(er) unemployment in N/low(er) unemployment in S/SE
21. 4–6.99 is most widespread/common on the map/along the (Arabian Sea) coast
22. Balochistan mostly has medium/2.5–3.99/4–6.99 rates
23. Punjab has the highest/9.5+ rates
24. Sindh has the lowest/1.0–1.49 rates
25. Punjab has the greatest range/variety of unemployment rates
26. along river (Indus)/NW/N/NE of Karachi rate is low/lowest/1–1.49/1.5-2.49
27. near/around/E/S/W of Multan unemployment is high/highest/7.0–9.49/9.5+
28. along international boundaries unemployment rates are low(er)/ 1.5-2.49/2.5-3.99
29. 3 @ 1 mark
30. [3] loss of income/financial stability / poverty
31. cannot afford/access education/healthcare/food/power/water/internet
32. decline in mental health/physical health/quality of life
33. homelessness/informal housing/tent cities
34. crime/unrest
35. growth of informal employment/underemployment
36. competition for/decreased job opportunities
37. increased outmigration/moving abroad (for employment)
38. 3 @ 1 mark
39. [4] increase GDP:
40. informal work can increase GDP; manufactured goods are sold as export items
41. cottage industries; gain foreign exchange by selling goods to tourists/tourists spend foreign currency
42. (unemployed) people move to work abroad; they send remittances/money back home (this allows their families to spend more on goods and services)
43. decrease GDP:
44. fewer people working/earning wages/lower pay/unreliable work/ underemployment; tax revenue decreases/fewer goods/services are produced
45. lack of disposable income; unemployed/informal workers typically spend less/low demand for goods and services
46. people rely on government support; reduced funds available for government to invest (in other sectors of the economy)
47. informal industries/companies/workers aren't registered with the government; no income is generated for the country/tax revenue decreases/income not included in GDP
48. (informal industries) generate less output; there are fewer goods for sale in markets/fewer goods available to export
49. some working conditions may not meet international standards; can result in sanctions
50. some informal goods do not always meet quality standards; importers may be less likely to buy
51. people move to work abroad; their income isn't included in GDP
52. (unemployed) do not learn job skills/lack of skilled workers/ the highest skilled/paid people emigrate/brain drain; foreign investors are less likely to invest
53. Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of the second point.
54. Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
55. 2 @ 2 marks
56. [3] nationalising/setting up new industries/privatisation/policies/bans/laws
57. establishing industrial estates/zones/Export Processing Zones (EPZs)/dry ports/Special Economic Zones (SEZ)
58. investing in education/training/encouraging research and development/recruit experts
59. improving transport network/power/water supplies
60. improving telecommunications/internet/phone network
61. offering loans/grants/incentives/tax holidays/low tariffs/subsidies
62. trade agreements/blocs/international partnerships (e.g. CPEC)
63. 3 @ 1 mark
64. [6] Levels marking
65. No valid response
66. Level 1
67. Simple point referring to one view (1)
68. Simple points referring to any view (2)
69. Level 2
70. Developed point referring to one view only (3)
71. Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)
72. Level 3
73. Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)
74. Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)
75. Content guide
76. increasing access to telecommunications is the best way to support economic growth in Pakistan:
77. telecoms allow people and businesses to share information and ideas easily/quickly/cheaply across long distances
78. mobile phones and internet allow people and businesses to be instantly in touch globally/allow people to work remotely so widen employment opportunities
79. mobile phones masts provide signals to large areas
80. much economic growth is online via mobile applications (apps)/social media/websites used for marketing and sales
81. can provide online education and training in remote areas/can provide access to specialist teachers/students learn ICT skills for future employment
82. can encourage more MNCs to locate branches in Pakistan
83. telecom industries create many skilled and well-paid tertiary jobs
84. increasing access to telecommunications is not the best way to support economic growth in Pakistan:
85. telecoms can replace jobs as efficiency makes some roles less necessary
86. cities have mobile and internet networks, but enormous demand slows speeds
87. load shedding can reduce the efficiency of internet connections as routers/devices require power to operate/ charge batteries
88. building the infrastructure is difficult and expensive in remote areas/in difficult topography/in extreme climate regions
89. in remote areas, where people would benefit most from telecoms, low population makes investment uneconomical
90. online information is not always reliable/local cultures and values may be eroded/can be misused/spread misinformation
91. growth in telecoms has also increased the occurrence of cybercrime/cyberattacks
92. increasing access to education is the best way to support economic growth in Pakistan:
93. a skilled workforce attracts investment in an area
94. skilled workers earn higher wages and contribute more taxes
95. education/training helps improve people's health and life expectancy, making a more productive workforce
96. family planning education leads to lower birth rates and controlled population growth which is economically more sustainable
97. educated women can work in more highly paid jobs
98. increasing access to education is not the best way to support economic growth in Pakistan:
99. a large proportion of the population is of working age, more job opportunities would bring faster growth than education
100. there are many underemployed people meaning there may not be enough high skilled jobs available
101. education may not increase in some places/where traditional lifestyles are preferred
102. population density in some areas is low, making investment in schools/teachers not economically viable