Study Fig. 9, which shows population density in Sindh.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2012). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [3] (a) (i) Describe the distribution of the areas with a population density of 201 to 800 people per square kilometre. Northern border with Balochistan or Punjab / in the north or north-west follows river Indus central areas towards to south-east / east of river towards south named city or district (not Karachi) (max. 1) e.g. Hyderabad, Sukkur, Larkana, Shikarpur, Jacobabad
2. [1] (ii) What is the lowest population density shown on the map? under 50 persons per square kilometre
3. [1] (iii) Which area has the lowest population density? SE Sindh / Thar(parkar)(desert)
4. [6] (iv) Explain the reasons for a high population density in the Karachi area. rural-urban migration high birth rate / low death rate (max 1) industrial / port / administration / trade / commerce / fishing (max 2) good housing opportunities for businessmen / for trade employment / work / jobs example of type of work (but NOT fishing) (perceived) better living standards / bright lights / entertainment better infrastructure with eg. such as roads, rail / airport / electricity / gas / water / (max 1) better services with eg. such as education, health, sanitation (max 1) more food maritime climate more pleasant /moderate refugees (from Afghanistan / after the partition in 1947) old capital city of Pakistan / present capital city of Sindh province
5. [2] (b) Explain the difference between density and distribution of population. density - numbers per unit area distribution – the spread of people in an area areas of different density within a larger area (or similar)
6. [1] (c) Study Fig. 10 showing the increase in population in Karachi. (i) What was the population in 2010? 13 million
7. [1] (ii) By how much is this expected to increase from 2010 to 2020? 4 million
8. [4] (iii) What problems can be caused in an urban area by a high population density? [4] poor housing / living on the streets / slums / Katchi Abadi / overcrowding unemployment poverty lack of hygiene / waste dumped / litter sickness / disease / poor health high death rates crime / drugs / terrorism traffic congestion / pressure on roads / rail shortages / strain on named resources / services / utilities with e.g. such as schools, health, food, (max 2) named pollution (max 2) low quality of life
9. [6] (d) Read the article published in 2009. To what extent can self-help schemes, such as that in Orangi, succeed in improving the living conditions in this and other slum areas? Do not credit quotes from the Article. The candidate is expected to comment on these, or use their own ideas. Success (res.2) Water Cleanliness, hygiene, safe to drink Sanitation Less disease / better health Lower death rates, infant mortality Power Electric light, air con. Roads Opportunities for trade etc. Housing Improvements or removal of slums / squatters, houses for the homeless stronger, bigger, drier Health centres better health, less disease, advice, effect on BR, DR and LE Schools better qualified for jobs, effect on health and BR Cheap loans more opportunities to set up businesses, leading to jobs, Safer / less crime / terrorism Higher income / will make money / economic development Set up / development of business, industry Failure (Res. 2) Lack of money / investment Lack of support co-operation Lack of education / skills to do the task Corruption Change of governments/political instability Huge size of task / high cost Will take time Or more specific e.g. shortage of water, electricity, education