Read the source below carefully to answer question (a). Allama Iqbal was a politician who believed in the need for Muslims to struggle for the establishment of a separate country for themselves. He believed that Hindus and Muslims were two nations who should have separate states. Chaudri Rehmat Ali also rose to prominence at this time.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2012). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] (a) Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to:
2. 1930 left India to study law at Cambridge, attended conferences in London on Hindu-Muslim relationships. Believed in a separate Muslim homeland partition. 1933 a pamphlet 'Now or Never' – argued in favour of partition, gave the name Pakistan. Became popular amongst most Muslims during the 1930s. Considered less important than Allama Iqbal, Jinnah refused to meet him.
3. [1] (b) LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement The Cripps Mission had no success/Describes the Mission.
4. [2-4] (b) LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons The Muslims and Hindus opposed it.
5. [5-7] (b) LEVEL 3: Explains reasons The Muslims rejected the plan because the British would not agree to Partition and the Congress Party wanted immediate and full control over the central government. The British were also negotiating from a weak position which the Congress Party exploited by demanding Britain leave the sub-continent immediately.
6. [1-2] (c) LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement The Hindus were cruel
7. [3-6] (c) LEVEL 2: Identifies the reasons The Muslims had to observe the Wardha Scheme and sing Bande Matram
8. [7-10] (c) LEVEL 3: Explains the Wardha Scheme OR other reasons
9. [9-13] (c) LEVEL 4: Explains the Wardha Scheme AND other reasons The Wardha Scheme was imposed on Muslims. Under this scheme, students had to bow before Gandhi's picture each day. Muslims saw this as an attempt to convert them to Hinduism. However, there were other reasons why Congress Rule was hated. This was due to the atrocities committed against the Muslims. They were abused and killed by Hindus. Hindi was enforced as the official language and organised attacks were made on Muslim worshippers in mosques. Bande Matram, a song in which degrading remarks were used against Muslims, was adopted as the national anthem and had to be sung at the beginning of each day.
10. [14] (c) LEVEL 5: As Level 4: also produces a judgement or evaluation.