Read the source below carefully to answer question (a). During the First World War, Congress and the Muslim League had moved closer together, partly due to the failure of the British to grant more rights to the Indians before 1914. During the war, the British realised that concessions had to be made and let it be known that they were proposing a number of these. The Muslim League and Congress then met together at Lucknow.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2012). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] (a) Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to:
2. (Dec) 1916, Congress agreed to concessions with ML – right to separate electorates, one third of seats in Councils. Both wanted more seats in Councils, protection of Minorities, provinces to have autonomy, proposals to be binding on British. First time joint agreement, C accepted some form of partition needed, HR seemed a possibility and ML realised they needed to work with C.
3. [1] (b) LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement They wanted their own political party.
4. [2-4] (b) LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons The Muslims were not united. The Hindus had their own party.
5. [5-7] (b) LEVEL 3: Explains reasons Muslim rights would not be advanced if they continued to rely on the Indian National Congress. It was seen as an organisation which would only advance Hindu views. The Congress was demanding that India should be treated as a cultural whole and Hindi should be declared the official language. By not organising a Muslim group they would continue to be disorganised and disunited. Even more worrying was the growth of extreme Hindu nationalist groups who demanded that Muslims be forcibly converted to Hinduism. Therefore a number of prominent Muslim leaders founded the Muslim League.
6. [1-2] (c) LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement It led to the failure of the Movement.
7. [3-6] (c) LEVEL 2: Identifies/describes the reasons for failure Gandhi thought that events were getting too violent.
8. [7-10] (c) LEVEL 3: Explains Gandhi and his withdrawal of support OR other reasons
9. [9-13] (c) LEVEL 4: Explains Gandhi and his withdrawal of support AND other reasons Gandhi had seen an opportunity for self rule by joining the Movement and the involvement of the Hindus was welcomed by many Muslims. However, by joining with the Hindus the objectives of the Movement were made less clear since the Hindus and Ghandi especially, were using it for their own ends and didn't have the interests of the Muslims at heart. Chauri Chaura was a village in the United Province where trouble started between the police and a mob. Gandhi decided that the Swaraj Movement was becoming too violent following the Chauri Chaura incident and so called off his support.
10. However, there were other reasons for its failure. Some of the leaders including Maulana Muhammad Ali were imprisoned in 1921 which made the organisation less effective. Thousands of Muslims migrated to Afghanistan in a religious protest against the British government. The Afghan government was hostile to the migrants and refused to allow all the refugees to settle. Many of those who returned to India died on the journey back or found themselves homeless and jobs occupied which dispirited the Muslims. Thus Muslim support for the Khilafat Movement fell away. Its failure was also brought about by the decision of the Muslim Mustafa Kamal Ataturk to form a nationalist government in Turkey but the end had been seen in the refusal of Lloyd George to accept the demands of the Movement.
11. [14] (c) LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation.