Opponents of apartheid had a difficult task in the years up to 1966.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail
2. [1] The PAC was a breakaway organisation from the ANC.
3. [1] It was led by Robert Sobukwe.
4. [1] In 1960 the PAC began a campaign against the Pass Laws.
5. [1] The PAC did not support the Freedom Charter.
6. [1] The PAC thought that black people should work on their own to achieve rights.
7. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons
8. [4-5] Level 3 Explains ONE reason
9. [4] One reason for the Group Areas Act was to ensure that white South Africans had the best land and neighbourhoods in South Africa and that they were exclusively white. For example, Sophiatown was an area of Johannesburg where black people had owned or rented houses for many years. It was a popular community with a strong identity. It was declared a 'white' area and the people who lived there were forcibly removed to Soweto. This was so the suburb became white.
10. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons
11. [1] White people, black people and 'coloureds' were to live in separate racial areas.
12. [1] The whole of South Africa was to be divided into racial areas.
13. [1] The law was to exclude non-white people from living in the most developed areas.
14. [1] The law reinforced the policy of apartheid.
15. [1] The white minority gained control of most of the country.
16. [1] The movement of non-white people was controlled as they had to carry pass books to enter 'white' parts of the country.
17. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
18. [1] The Act made divisions in South African society greater than before.
19. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far'
20. [7-9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides
21. [4-6] Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks
22. [4] Opposition was ineffective because government policies were repressive and deprived opposition groups of their leadership. The National Government had passed the Suppression of Communism Act in 1950. It was able to label many opposition leaders as communists and charge them with high treason. Between 1955 and 1956, 156 leaders were arrested under this legislation including leaders of the ANC.
23. [4] Despite tough legislation and the harsh implications of the legislation, membership of protest groups increased rapidly. The ANC's membership increased from 7000 to 100 000 from 1950 to 1952.
24. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes
25. [1] ANC membership increased.
26. [1] The government charged leaders with high treason.
27. [1] There were bus boycotts.
28. [1] School protests were quashed.
29. [1] Tougher legislation followed after 1965.
30. [1] ANC leaders were arrested and put in prison.
31. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
32. [1] The government took many actions to crush opposition.