It took a long time for South African politicians of different parties to work together.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2021). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] e.g. 'It was involved in massacres like the Boipatong massacre of 1992.'
2. [1-4] 'It worked with the South African Defence Force which trained its followers.'
3. [1-4] 'It opposed the talks going on between the ANC and the government.'
4. [1-4] 'It signed a pact with the AWB.'
5. [1-4] 'It opposed the new constitution.'
6. [1-4] 'It refused to take part in the 1994 election.'
7. [1-4] 'It fought running battles with the ANC.'
8. [1-4] 'At the last minute it did take part in the elections.'
9. [4-5] e.g. 'P W Botha tried to defend South Africa and apartheid through his policy of 'total strategy.' One reason was that his constitutional reforms completely backfired and caused enormous riots from 1984. The reforms gave black South Africans little but showed that the government had no intention of sharing power. They made black South Africans even more determined to get rid of white domination.'
10. [2-3] e.g. 'His constitutional reforms were too little, too late.'
11. [2-3] 'His constitutional reforms led to rioting in the townships.'
12. [2-3] 'The relaxation of the pass laws led to more angry unemployed black South Africans crowding into townships.'
13. [2-3] 'The violence in South Africa led overseas governments and banks to turn against the South African government.'
14. [2-3] 'Giving Trade Unions more freedom led to more strikes.'
15. [2-3] 'Attempts to wipe out ANC guerrilla bases in neighbouring countries did not work in the long run.'
16. [2-3] 'Botha's failure to announce more reforms led to a financial crisis.'
17. [2-3] 'The constitutional reforms did nothing for the majority of black South Africans.'
18. [4-6] e.g. 'Mandela was very successful in this. His lack of bitterness about his long years in prison and his promise that white South Africans had a place in a new South Africa won a lot of them over. He also got on well with de Klerk who decided he could trust, and work with, Mandela. The fact that Mandela was trusted by many white South Africans was shown by the referendum in 1992 when most white South Africans supported change and reform. This led to the two sides agreeing a new constitution and elections taking place in 1994.'
19. [4-6] OR e.g. 'He was not all that successful in this. There were some white groups, especially Afrikaner ones, which did not accept him. One of these was the AWB, led by Eugene Terre'Blanche, which wanted to keep white domination. In 1994, its members tried to support the leader of Bophuthatswana who did not want his people to vote in the election. However, they were defeated.'
20. [2-3] e.g. 'He got on well with de Klerk.'
21. [2-3] 'The majority of white South Africans supported reform in the referendum.'
22. [2-3] 'He was able to agree a new constitution with the South African government.'
23. [2-3] 'Some white South Africans like those in the AWB did not support him.'
24. [2-3] 'There was some violence by extreme white right-wing groups.'