Europe witnessed several struggles for power in 1848–49.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2021). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Garibaldi returned to Italy to join in the struggle against Austria.
2. [1] He offered his services to Charles Albert but was rejected.
3. [1] He led his followers into Lombardy to help the new government in Milan.
4. [1] He had two victories at Luino and Morazzone.
5. [1] He moved to Rome to support the Roman Republic.
6. [1] He was in control of the defence of Rome against the French siege.
7. [1] Garibaldi withdrew from Rome and fled north to San Marino.
8. [6] There was a lot of support for liberalism because of poor government at the time and industrialisation. Industrialisation had strengthened the middle classes who believed that there needed to be improvements. The middle classes had become more important but they lacked political power which was still in the hands of the old traditional rulers. They wanted republican governments elected by some of the people and more economic and political freedoms such as freedom of the press and free speech.
9. [1] The poor quality of government at the time.
10. [1] The rising middle classes wanted more influence and power.
11. [1] The traditional rulers and aristocracy were still clinging on to power.
12. [1] Liberal ideas were inspired by the Enlightenment.
13. [10] Conservatives were stronger: They defeated the revolution. After the establishment of a republic, the conservatives gradually regained control and were strong enough to put down the June Days uprising. After that there was a conservative reaction leading to the election of Louis Napoleon and then the ending of the Republic and Napoleon becoming Emperor. This shows that the old system had been restored and the conservatives victorious. OR Radicals were stronger: They had a lot of success. In February they were able to get rid of the hated Prime Minister Guizot, overthrow Louis Phillipe and set up a republic. In Paris people flooded onto the streets demanding reforms. National Workshops were set up to provide work for the unemployed. These achievements show how powerful the radicals were.
14. [1] The radicals were strong in Paris but had little support in the French countryside.
15. [1] The conservatives defeated the June Day risings.
16. [1] When Napoleon became emperor it showed that the conservatives were stronger.
17. [1] The radicals were able to get rid of Louis Phillipe and the monarchy.
18. [1] The radicals set up the National Workshops.
19. [1] The election results of April showed that the radicals did not have a lot of support.
20. [1] Napoleon's victory in the December elections showed how weak the radicals were throughout France.