Both the enforcement of apartheid and resistance to it increased in the years up to 1966.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2021). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] e.g. 'The National Party won more votes than any other party.'
2. [1-4] 'The National Party only won 39% of the vote.'
3. [1-4] 'The National Party promised to introduce apartheid.'
4. [1-4] 'The National Party won the support of most of the Afrikaner vote.'
5. [1-4] 'Smuts was very unpopular with Afrikaners.'
6. [1-4] 'The United Party under Smuts came second.'
7. [4-5] e.g. 'It was passed to support the government policy of apartheid. It did this by giving black children a different type of education. They were just taught basic skills so they could get a menial job in the homelands. They were also indoctrinated into the idea that white people were superior and that black South Africans belonged with their own ethnic group.'
8. [2-3] e.g. 'It was passed as part of the government's apartheid policy.'
9. [2-3] 'It was passed so that black children could be given a cheaper and inferior education.'
10. [2-3] 'This was to let the education system be used to prevent black children from progressing.'
11. [2-3] 'It was passed to give the government control of the education system.'
12. [4-6] e.g. 'I disagree with this statement. The ANC did not really achieve much up to 1966. Apartheid and minority rule still existed and some of the most important opposition to them was carried out by other groups such as Black Consciousness. The ANC suffered very badly from the repression of the government. Laws like the Suppression of Communism Act meant that leaders of the ANC were either under arrest or on the run. The ANC was so ineffective that in the 1960s it turned to violence. But after the Rivonia Trial, the organisation was smashed with Mandela and others imprisoned while others fled the country.'
13. [4-6] OR e.g. 'I agree that the ANC was effective in this period. It organised important protests such as the Freedom Charter. This gave black South Africans a number of ideas to rally around. It also organised the bus boycotts and got bus fares reduced. Without the ANC, the opposition against apartheid would not have been organised. It also talked to other countries and got some of them to oppose the apartheid regime.'
14. [2-3] e.g. 'It was smashed after the Rivonia Trial.'
15. [2-3] 'By 1966 apartheid was as strong as ever.'
16. [2-3] 'It was being replaced by movements like Black Consciousness.'
17. [2-3] 'The PAC was formed in 1959 because some people thought the ANC needed to be more effective.'
18. [2-3] 'It rallied and organised anti-apartheid opinion in South Africa.'
19. [2-3] 'It was responsible for the Freedom Charter.'
20. [2-3] 'It managed to turn other parts of the world against the government.'
21. [2-3] 'It set up bases in places like Tanzania.'