Revolutions broke out across Europe in 1848.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) On 22 February there was a protest march through Paris.
2. [1] (a) Barricades went up on the streets.
3. [1] (a) On 23 February Louis Philippe dismissed Guizot.
4. [1] (a) Mole and Thiers were offered the leadership. Both refused.
5. [1] (a) Odilon Barrot assumed control.
6. [1] (a) Louis Philippe abdicated in favour of his grandson.
7. [1] (a) Almost immediately Lamartine proclaimed the 2nd Republic.
8. [1] (b) In Hungary, nationalist groups were formed which wanted independence from the Austrian Empire.
9. [1] (b) The Frankfurt Parliament wanted to unite Germany.
10. [1] (b) In Italy, nationalists wanted to drive out Austria.
11. [1] (b) Nationalists in Germany wanted their own constitution.
12. [5] (b) There was growing nationalism in Germany with a growing sense of German identity, especially among the middle classes. People felt that Germany could never be strong unless it was unified. Revolutions broke out in 1848. The importance of nationalism can be seen with the formation of the Frankfurt Parliament in 1848. This called for the creation of a German constitution for a united Germany and the removal of Austrian power. This shows how nationalism was a revolutionary threat.
13. [1] (c) First, Frederick William encouraged the revolution.
14. [1] (c) Then he changed his mind over whether he would support or oppose the revolution.
15. [1] (c) He refused the crown which was offered to him by the Frankfurt Parliament.
16. [1] (c) This meant the Parliament was bound to fail.
17. [1] (c) The Frankfurt Parliament could not agree which approach to take.
18. [1] (c) Austrian power was still strong.
19. [1] (c) The revolutionaries argued amongst themselves.
20. [5] (c) Frederick William was responsible for the failure of the revolution because he changed his mind over whether he would support or oppose the revolution. He talked about having a constitutional government in March 1848 but refused the crown which was offered to him by the Frankfurt Parliament. He did not think the people had the right to make this offer and his refusal meant the Parliament was bound to fail and that Austrian authority would be restored.
21. [5] (c) Frederick William was not responsible for the failure of the revolution as the revolutionary movement was divided and unable to agree about their aims. Some of the princes supported the Parliament at first but changed their minds when the revolutions died down. This made the Parliament weaker and less likely to succeed.
22. [10] (c) Explanation of both sides (Level 4, 7-9 marks) with evaluation of 'how far' (Level 5, 10 marks).