British imperialism affected local people in different ways.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] He acted against slavery.
2. [1] He ruled through native rulers.
3. [1] He established indirect rule, which was effective.
4. [1] He established British control over Northern Nigeria.
5. [1] He united the north and south into the Protectorate of Nigeria.
6. [1] China did this because Britain was becoming very aggressive and had to be stopped.
7. [1] This was because the British were importing opium into China.
8. [1] Many Chinese people were becoming addicted to opium.
9. [1] China wanted to stop Britain interfering with its trading system.
10. [1] The Chinese government had told Britain to stop trading in opium.
11. [1] The trade in opium damaged China's balance of trade.
12. [1] China did not want to come under more Western influences.
13. [Explanation L3] The Chinese resisted Britain because British merchants were selling opium in China. They sent it to their warehouses in Guangzhou and then sold it to Chinese smugglers. This was against the wishes of the Chinese government because it led to addiction and affected large sections of the Chinese population with what the Chinese government saw as moral decay. The Chinese government wished to stop this.
14. [1] I disagree with this. The British were not justified in responding in the way they did. It was too cruel.
15. [1] The Indian rebels had committed atrocities and had to be dealt with.
16. [1] The British slaughtered many Indians unnecessarily.
17. [1] The British were very cruel to Indians, for example, making Muslims eat pork.
18. [1] The reforms that were introduced, such as involving Indians more in local government, were sensible.
19. [1] The East India Company was not governing India properly and it was a good move to get rid of it.
20. [Explanation L3 (Not Justified)] The British response was not justified and even people in Britain were horrified by it. The response was very violent with thousands of Indians being killed. They fired Indians from cannons and made Muslims eat pork and Hindus eat beef. Many Indians were tortured. When the British army captured towns, they went on a rampage destroying everything and committing atrocities. Far more Indians than British were killed and this was not justified.'
21. [Explanation L3 (Justified)] I think the British response was justified. Firstly, the Indian rebels had committed atrocities against British men and women, especially at Cawnpore where, after a siege, women and children were slaughtered. Also, the reforms that followed were justified. The British government took over from the East India Company, which was not running India properly. It introduced some sensible reforms like consulting the Indians more.